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Most pathological conditions in the skeleton lead to loss of bone due to excess osteoclastic bone resorption, including periodontal disease, rheumatoid arthritis, and osteoporosis. In rare cases, most of them genetic, patients with osteopetrosis exhibit sclerotic bone due either to a lack of osteoclasts or to non-functional osteoclasts. Mainly because of phenotypic findings in genetically manipulated mice or due to spontaneous mutations in humans, mice, and rats, several genes have been discovered as being crucial for osteoclast formation and activation. Recent breakthroughs in our understanding of osteoclast biology have revealed the critical roles in osteoclast differentiation played by RANKL, RANK, and OPG, three novel members of the tumor necrosis factor ligand and receptor superfamilies. The further study of these molecules and downstream signaling events are likely to provide a molecular basis for the development of new drugs for the treatment of diseases with excess or deficient osteoclastic bone resorption. <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1177\/154411130401500202","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2009,1,9]],"date-time":"2009-01-09T00:40:32Z","timestamp":1231461632000},"page":"64-81","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":109,"title":["N<scp>ew<\/scp> M<scp>olecules in the<\/scp> T<scp>umor<\/scp> N<scp>ecrosis<\/scp> F<scp>actor<\/scp> L<scp>igand and<\/scp> R<scp>eceptor<\/scp> S<scp>uperfamilies with<\/scp> I<scp>mportance for<\/scp> P<scp>hysiological and<\/scp> P<scp>athological<\/scp> B<scp>one<\/scp> R<scp>esorption<\/scp>"],"prefix":"10.1177","volume":"15","author":[{"given":"Ulf H.","family":"Lerner","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Oral Cell Biology, Ume\u00e5 University, 901 87 Ume\u00e5, Sweden;"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"179","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2004,3,1]]},"reference":[{"key":"ABU-ETAL-2000","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Abu Amer Y, Erdmann J, Alexopoulou L, Kollias G, Ross FP, Teitelbaum SL (2000). 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