{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,23]],"date-time":"2026-09-23T10:07:01Z","timestamp":1790158021502,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":188,"publisher":"SAGE Publications","issue":"5","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2004,9,1]],"date-time":"2004-09-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1093996800000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/page\/policies\/text-and-data-mining-license"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Critical Reviews in Oral Biology &amp; Medicine"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2004,9]]},"abstract":"<jats:p> Cellular and molecular processes that regulate the development of skeletal tissues resemble those required for regeneration. Given the prevalence of degenerative skeletal disorders in an increasingly aging population, the molecular mechanisms of skeletal development must be understood in detail if novel strategies are to be developed in regenerative medicine. Research in this area over the past decade has revealed that cell differentiation is largely controlled at the level of gene transcription, which in turn is regulated by transcription factors. Transcription factors usually recognize and bind to specific DNA sequences in the promoter of target genes via characteristic DNA-binding domains. Although the gene family containing C2H2 zinc fingers as DNA-binding motifs is the largest family of transciptional regulators, with several hundred individual members in mammals, only a small but increasing number of zinc finger genes have been implicated in bone, cartilage, or tooth development. These zinc finger proteins (ZFPs) contain multiple structural motifs that require zinc to maintain their structural integrity and function. Interestingly, zinc deficiency is known to result in skeletal growth retardation and has been identified as a risk factor in the pathogenesis of osteoporosis. This review attempts to summarize our current state of knowledge regarding the role of ZFPs in the molecular regulation of skeletogenesis. <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1177\/154411130401500504","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2009,1,9]],"date-time":"2009-01-09T00:40:32Z","timestamp":1231461632000},"page":"282-297","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":62,"title":["Z<scp>inc<\/scp> F<scp>inger<\/scp> T<scp>ranscription<\/scp> F<scp>actors in<\/scp> S<scp>keletal<\/scp> D<scp>evelopment<\/scp>"],"prefix":"10.1177","volume":"15","author":[{"given":"Bernhard","family":"Ganss","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"CIHR Group in Matrix Dymanics, Faculty of Dentistry, University of Toronto, 239-150 College Street, Toronto, ON M5S 3E2, Canada;"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Andrew","family":"Jheon","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"CIHR Group in Matrix Dymanics, Faculty of Dentistry, University of Toronto, 239-150 College Street, Toronto, ON M5S 3E2, Canada;"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"179","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2004,9,1]]},"reference":[{"key":"bibr-AASLAND-ETAL-1995","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0968-0004(00)88957-4"},{"key":"bibr-ARORA-ETAL-1995","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0092-8674(95)90539-1"},{"key":"bibr-AUSTEN-ETAL-1997","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1074\/jbc.272.3.1709"},{"key":"bibr-AZA-BLANC-ETAL-2000","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1242\/dev.127.19.4293"},{"key":"bibr-BARRY-2003","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/0470867973.ch7"},{"key":"bibr-BEERLI-ETAL-2000","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.040552697"},{"key":"bibr-BELLEFROID-ETAL-1991","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.88.9.3608"},{"key":"bibr-BERG-AND-SHI-1996","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1126\/science.271.5252.1081"},{"key":"bibr-BIANCO-ETAL-1990","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/38.11.2212616"},{"key":"bibr-BIDWELL-ETAL-2001","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Bidwell JP, Torrungruang K, Alvarez M, Rhodes SJ, Shah R, Jones DR, et al. (2001). Involvement of the nuclear matrix in the control of skeletal genes: the NMP1 (YY1), NMP2 (Cbfa1), and NMP4 (Nmp4\/CIZ) transcription factors. Crit Rev Eukaryot Gene Expr 11:279\u2013297.","DOI":"10.1615\/CritRevEukarGeneExpr.v11.i4.20"},{"key":"bibr-BOUWMAN-AND-PHILIPSEN-2002","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0303-7207(02)00221-6"},{"key":"bibr-BOUWMAN-ETAL-2000","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/emboj\/19.4.655"},{"key":"bibr-BOYLE-ETAL-2003","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/nature01658"},{"key":"bibr-BUSHMEYER-ETAL-1995","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1074\/jbc.270.50.30213"},{"key":"bibr-CALHOUN-ETAL-1974","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Calhoun NR, Smith JC Jr, Becker KL (1974). The role of zinc in bone metabolism (review). Clin Orthop 0(103):212\u2013234.","DOI":"10.1097\/00003086-197409000-00084"},{"key":"bibr-CANALIS-ETAL-2003","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1210\/er.2002-0023"},{"key":"bibr-CANCEDDA-ETAL-2003","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/0470867973.ch10"},{"key":"bibr-CAPLAN-AND-BRUDER-2001","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S1471-4914(01)02016-0"},{"key":"bibr-CHANDRASEGARAN-AND-SMITH-1999","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Chandrasegaran S, Smith J (1999). Chimeric restriction enzymes: what is next? Biol Chem 380:841\u2013848.","DOI":"10.1515\/BC.1999.103"},{"key":"bibr-CHAVRIER-ETAL-1988","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/j.1460-2075.1988.tb02780.x"},{"key":"bibr-CHOO-AND-KLUG-1994","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.91.23.11168"},{"key":"bibr-CHRISMAN-AND-TINDALL-2003","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1089\/104454903321655819"},{"key":"bibr-CLEMENS-ETAL-1994","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1006\/jmbi.1994.1701"},{"key":"bibr-COOK-ETAL-1998","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1074\/jbc.273.40.25929"},{"key":"bibr-COOK-ETAL-1999","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1074\/jbc.274.41.29500"},{"key":"bibr-DAHL-ETAL-1997","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/bies.950190905"},{"key":"bibr-DENNIG-ETAL-1996","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/j.1460-2075.1996.tb00950.x"},{"key":"bibr-DEUSCHLE-ETAL-1995","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/MCB.15.4.1907"},{"key":"bibr-DHALLUIN-ETAL-1999","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/20974"},{"key":"bibr-DONOHOE-ETAL-1999","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/MCB.19.10.7237"},{"key":"bibr-DOVAT-ETAL-2002","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1101\/gad.1040502"},{"key":"bibr-DUCY-ETAL-1997","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0092-8674(00)80257-3"},{"key":"bibr-FAN-AND-MANIATIS-1990","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1101\/gad.4.1.29"},{"key":"bibr-FAUTSCH-ETAL-1998","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1006\/geno.1998.5388"},{"key":"bibr-FEISTER-ETAL-2000","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/1097-4644(20001201)79:3<506::AID-JCB150>3.0.CO;2-A"},{"key":"bibr-FRIEDMAN-ETAL-1996","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1101\/gad.10.16.2067"},{"key":"bibr-FURUYA-ETAL-2000","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1006\/excr.2000.5051"},{"key":"bibr-GALERA-ETAL-1994","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.91.20.9372"},{"key":"bibr-GALERA-ETAL-1996","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1074\/jbc.271.35.21331"},{"key":"bibr-GANSS-AND-KOBAYASHI-2002","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1359\/jbmr.2002.17.12.2151"},{"key":"bibr-GANSS-ETAL-1999","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/10454411990100010401"},{"key":"bibr-GANSS-ETAL-2002","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/03008200290001212"},{"key":"bibr-GAO-ETAL-2003","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/154405910308201213"},{"key":"bibr-GAO-ETAL-2004","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Gao Y, Jheon A, Nourkeyhani H, Kobayashi H, Ganss B (2004). Molecular cloning, structure, expression and chromosomal localization of the human osterix (SP7) gene. Gene (in press).","DOI":"10.1016\/j.gene.2004.05.026"},{"key":"bibr-GEHRING-ETAL-1994","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev.bi.63.070194.002415"},{"key":"bibr-GOLLNER-ETAL-2001","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0925-4773(01)00420-8"},{"key":"bibr-GRIEDER-ETAL-1995","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0092-8674(95)90540-5"},{"key":"bibr-GRIGORIADIS-ETAL-1988","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1083\/jcb.106.6.2139"},{"key":"bibr-GUO-ETAL-1997","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.94.1.121"},{"key":"bibr-HAGEN-ETAL-1992","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/nar\/20.21.5519"},{"key":"bibr-HAGEN-ETAL-1994","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/j.1460-2075.1994.tb06695.x"},{"key":"bibr-HALL-AND-MIYAKE-2000","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/(SICI)1521-1878(200002)22:2<138::AID-BIES5>3.0.CO;2-4"},{"key":"bibr-HANAS-ETAL-1983","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0021-9258(17)43831-2"},{"key":"bibr-HATA-ETAL-2000","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0092-8674(00)81561-5"},{"key":"bibr-HATTON-ETAL-2003","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1359\/jbmr.2003.18.1.58"},{"key":"bibr-HEEGAARD-ETAL-1997","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1359\/jbmr.1997.12.12.2050"},{"key":"bibr-HEFFERAN-ETAL-2000","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1074\/jbc.C000135200"},{"key":"bibr-HIROMURA-ETAL-2003","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1074\/jbc.M300789200"},{"key":"bibr-HUI-AND-JOYNER-1993","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/ng0393-241"},{"key":"bibr-HUI-ETAL-1994","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1006\/dbio.1994.1097"},{"key":"bibr-HYDE-ETAL-1995","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/nar\/23.21.4457"},{"key":"bibr-INADA-ETAL-1999","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/(SICI)1097-0177(199904)214:4<279::AID-AJA1>3.0.CO;2-W"},{"key":"bibr-JAMIESON-ETAL-2003","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Jamieson AC, Miller JC, Pabo CO (2003). Drug discovery with engineered zinc-finger proteins. Nat Rev Drug Discov 25:361\u2013368.","DOI":"10.1038\/nrd1087"},{"key":"bibr-JEANMOUGIN-ETAL-1997","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0968-0004(97)01042-6"},{"key":"bibr-JHEON-ETAL-1998","unstructured":"Jheon A, Ganss B, Cheifetz S, Sodek J (1998). Identification of a novel zinc finger transcription factor target of bone morphogenetic protein-7 (BMP-7) in osteogenesis. In: Chemistry and biology of connective tissues. Goldberg M, Boskey A, Robinson C, editors. Rosemont, IL: American Acad Orthopaed Surg, pp. 87\u201391."},{"key":"bibr-JHEON-ETAL-2001","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1074\/jbc.M010885200"},{"key":"bibr-JHEON-ETAL-2002","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/002215540205000711"},{"key":"bibr-JHEON-ETAL-2003","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0378-1119(03)00553-5"},{"key":"bibr-JIAO-ETAL-2002","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/MCB.22.21.7633-7644.2002"},{"key":"bibr-JOHNSEN-ETAL-2002","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/jcb.10299"},{"key":"bibr-KACZYNSKI-ETAL-2003","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/gb-2003-4-2-206"},{"key":"bibr-KADONAGA-ETAL-1987","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0092-8674(87)90594-0"},{"key":"bibr-KARAVANOVA-ETAL-1992","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0925-4773(92)90024-E"},{"key":"bibr-KARSENTY-1998","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/(SICI)1520-6408(1998)22:4<301::AID-DVG1>3.0.CO;2-A"},{"key":"bibr-KATAGIRI-ETAL-1994","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1083\/jcb.127.6.1755"},{"key":"bibr-KERPPOLA-AND-CURRAN-1995","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/373199a0"},{"key":"bibr-KERR-ETAL-1997","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s002239900229"},{"key":"bibr-KHACHIGIAN-AND-COLLINS-1998","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s001090050258"},{"key":"bibr-KIM-ETAL-1996","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.93.26.15299"},{"key":"bibr-KINGSLEY-AND-WINOTO-1992","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/MCB.12.10.4251"},{"key":"bibr-KINZLER-AND-VOGELSTEIN-1990","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/MCB.10.2.634"},{"key":"bibr-KINZLER-ETAL-1988","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/332371a0"},{"key":"bibr-KOEBERNICK-AND-PIELER-2002","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1432-0436.2002.700201.x"},{"key":"bibr-KOMORI-ETAL-1997","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0092-8674(00)80258-5"},{"key":"bibr-KURISAKI-ETAL-2003","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/MCB.23.13.4494-4510.2003"},{"key":"bibr-LAMB-AND-MCKNIGHT-1991","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0968-0004(91)90167-T"},{"key":"bibr-LAST-ETAL-1999","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/(SICI)1097-4644(19990315)72:4<507::AID-JCB6>3.0.CO;2-5"},{"key":"bibr-LE-DOUARIN-ETAL-1996","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1098\/rstb.1996.0056"},{"key":"bibr-LE-DOUARIN-ETAL-1998","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0960-0760(97)00175-1"},{"key":"bibr-LECHNER-ETAL-2000","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/MCB.20.17.6449-6465.2000"},{"key":"bibr-LEE-ETAL-1989","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1126\/science.2503871"},{"key":"bibr-LEE-ETAL-1997","unstructured":"Lee SK, Krebsbach P, Ganss B, Slavkin Y, Yamada Y (1997). Krox 26, a new Kr\u00fcppel-like zinc finger protein, plays a critical role in tooth development (abstract). J Dent Res 76(Spec Iss):365."},{"key":"bibr-LEFEBVRE-ETAL-1997","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/MCB.17.4.2336"},{"key":"bibr-LEVI-ETAL-1996A","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1242\/dev.122.1.113"},{"key":"bibr-LEVI-ETAL-1996B","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1749-6632.1996.tb56286.x"},{"key":"bibr-LIAN-ETAL-2001","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0039-128X(00)00160-4"},{"key":"bibr-LITTLEWOOD-AND-EVAN-1995","unstructured":"Littlewood TD, Evan GI (1995). Transcription factors 2: helix-loop-helix. Protein Profile 2:621\u2013702."},{"key":"bibr-LIU-ETAL-2001","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/00220345010800080701"},{"key":"bibr-LOOMAN-ETAL-2002","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/oxfordjournals.molbev.a004037"},{"key":"bibr-MACDONALD-2000","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/jn\/130.5.1500S"},{"key":"bibr-MANSOURI-ETAL-1996","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1242\/dev.122.3.831"},{"key":"bibr-MARGOLIN-ETAL-1994","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.91.10.4509"},{"key":"bibr-MARK-ETAL-1999","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1089\/104454999315277"},{"key":"bibr-MATSUDA-ETAL-2001","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1074\/jbc.M010663200"},{"key":"bibr-MATSUKI-ETAL-1995","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/00220345950740010401"},{"key":"bibr-MCCARTY-ETAL-2003","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S1097-2765(03)00043-1"},{"key":"bibr-MCNEIL-ETAL-1998","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/(SICI)1097-4644(19980315)68:4<500::AID-JCB9>3.0.CO;2-U"},{"key":"bibr-MILLER-ETAL-1985","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/j.1460-2075.1985.tb03825.x"},{"key":"bibr-MIURA-ETAL-2003","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.0937635100"},{"key":"bibr-MIYAZONO-1999","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S8756-3282(99)00113-1"},{"key":"bibr-MO-ETAL-1997","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1242\/dev.124.1.113"},{"key":"bibr-MOOSMANN-ETAL-1996","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/nar\/24.24.4859"},{"key":"bibr-MOOSMANN-ETAL-1997","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Moosmann P, Georgiev O, Thiesen HJ, Hagmann M, Schaffner W (1997). Silencing of RNA polymerases II and III-dependent transcription by the KRAB protein domain of KOX1, a Kr\u00fcppel-type zinc finger factor. Biol Chem 378:669\u2013677.","DOI":"10.1515\/bchm.1997.378.7.669"},{"key":"bibr-MORRIS-ETAL-1995","unstructured":"Morris JF, Rauscher FJ III, Davis B, Klemsz M, Xu D, Tenen D, et al. (1995). The myeloid zinc finger gene, MZF-1, regulates the CD34 promoter in vitro. Blood 86:3640\u20133647."},{"key":"bibr-MUNDLOS-ETAL-1997","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0092-8674(00)80260-3"},{"key":"bibr-NAKAMOTO-ETAL-2000","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/MCB.20.5.1649-1658.2000"},{"key":"bibr-NAKAMURA-ETAL-1990","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/MCB.10.7.3700"},{"key":"bibr-NAKASHIMA-ETAL-2002","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0092-8674(01)00622-5"},{"key":"bibr-NIELSEN-ETAL-1999","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/emboj\/18.22.6385"},{"key":"bibr-OGATA-1997","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/(SICI)1097-4652(199701)170:1<27::AID-JCP4>3.0.CO;2-N"},{"key":"bibr-OHGUSHI-ETAL-2003","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/0470867973.ch9"},{"key":"bibr-OIKAWA-AND-YAMADA-2003","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0378-1119(02)01156-3"},{"key":"bibr-OTTO-ETAL-1997","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0092-8674(00)80259-7"},{"key":"bibr-PARFITT-1994","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/jcb.240550303"},{"key":"bibr-PARK-AND-ATCHISON-1991","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.88.21.9804"},{"key":"bibr-PAVLETICH-AND-PABO-1993","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1126\/science.8378770"},{"key":"bibr-PENGUE-ETAL-1994","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/nar\/22.15.2908"},{"key":"bibr-PEREZ-ETAL-1996","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0014-5793(96)00474-7"},{"key":"bibr-PERRY-AND-RUDNICKI-2000","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2741\/A548"},{"key":"bibr-PETERS-AND-BALLING-1999","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0168-9525(98)01662-X"},{"key":"bibr-PHILIPSEN-AND-SUSKE-1999","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/nar\/27.15.2991"},{"key":"bibr-PIELER-AND-BELLEFROID-1994","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/BF00999848"},{"key":"bibr-PREISS-ETAL-1985","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/313027a0"},{"key":"bibr-RAVASI-ETAL-2003","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1101\/gr.949803"},{"key":"bibr-REESE-2003","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0959-437X(03)00013-3"},{"key":"bibr-RELEA-ETAL-1995","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/ageing\/24.4.303"},{"key":"bibr-ROSEN-AND-SPIEGELMAN-2000","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev.cellbio.16.1.145"},{"key":"bibr-ROSSERT-ETAL-1996","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.93.3.1027"},{"key":"bibr-ROSSI-ETAL-2001","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/jn\/131.4.1142"},{"key":"bibr-RUIZ-AND-ALTABA-1998","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1242\/dev.125.12.2203"},{"key":"bibr-RUPPERT-ETAL-1988","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/MCB.8.8.3104"},{"key":"bibr-RYAN-ETAL-1999","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/MCB.19.6.4366"},{"key":"bibr-SASAKI-ETAL-1999","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1242\/dev.126.17.3915"},{"key":"bibr-SAURIN-ETAL-1996","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0968-0004(96)80017-X"},{"key":"bibr-SCHIMMANG-ETAL-1992","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1242\/dev.116.3.799"},{"key":"bibr-SCHNEIDER-MAUNOURY-ETAL-1993","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0092-8674(93)90329-O"},{"key":"bibr-SCHULTZ-ETAL-2001","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1101\/gad.869501"},{"key":"bibr-SETO-ETAL-1993","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/365462a0"},{"key":"bibr-SHAM-ETAL-1993","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0092-8674(93)90659-E"},{"key":"bibr-SHEN-ETAL-2002","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1074\/jbc.M203157200"},{"key":"bibr-SHENG-ETAL-2002","unstructured":"Sheng H, Goich S, Wang A, Grachtchouk M, Lowe L, Mo R, et al. (2002). Dissecting the oncogenic potential of Gli2: deletion of an NH(2)-terminal fragment alters skin tumor phenotype. Cancer Res 62:5308\u20135316."},{"key":"bibr-SHI-ETAL-1991","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0092-8674(91)90189-6"},{"key":"bibr-SHILATIFARD-ETAL-2003","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Shilatifard A, Conaway RC, Conaway JW (2003). The RNA polymerase II elongation complex. Annu Rev Biochem 72:276\u2013283.","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev.biochem.72.121801.161551"},{"key":"bibr-SHRIVASTAVA-ETAL-1993","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1126\/science.8266081"},{"key":"bibr-SMALE-AND-KADONAGA-2003","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev.biochem.72.121801.161520"},{"key":"bibr-SMITH-ETAL-2001","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/JVI.75.5.2301-2313.2001"},{"key":"bibr-STAEHLING-HAMPTON-ETAL-1995","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1242\/dev.121.10.3393"},{"key":"bibr-SUBRAMANIAM-ETAL-1995","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/nar\/23.23.4907"},{"key":"bibr-SUBRAMANIAM-ETAL-1998","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/(SICI)1097-4644(19980201)68:2<226::AID-JCB9>3.0.CO;2-X"},{"key":"bibr-SUKHATME-ETAL-1988","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0092-8674(88)90485-0"},{"key":"bibr-SUSKE-1999","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0378-1119(99)00357-1"},{"key":"bibr-SUVA-ETAL-1991","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/MCB.11.5.2503"},{"key":"bibr-TANAKA-ETAL-2000","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/MCB.20.12.4428-4435.2000"},{"key":"bibr-TANAKA-ETAL-2002","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/MCB.22.12.4256-4267.2002"},{"key":"bibr-TEO-ETAL-2003","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/03008200390152269"},{"key":"bibr-THEUNISSEN-ETAL-1992","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0092-8674(92)90601-8"},{"key":"bibr-THIEL-AND-CIBELLI-2002","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/jcp.10178"},{"key":"bibr-THIESEN-AND-BACH-1990","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/nar\/18.11.3203"},{"key":"bibr-THUNYAKITPISAL-ETAL-2001","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1359\/jbmr.2001.16.1.10"},{"key":"bibr-TSAI-AND-REED-1997","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1523\/JNEUROSCI.17-11-04159.1997"},{"key":"bibr-TSAI-AND-REED-1998","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/MCB.18.11.6447"},{"key":"bibr-TUPLER-ETAL-2001","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/35057011"},{"key":"bibr-URNOV-AND-REBAR-2002","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0006-2952(02)01150-4"},{"key":"bibr-VENTURINI-ETAL-1999","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/sj.onc.1202655"},{"key":"bibr-VINSON-ETAL-2002","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/MCB.22.18.6321-6335.2002"},{"key":"bibr-VORTKAMP-ETAL-1991","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/352539a0"},{"key":"bibr-WALTERHOUSE-ETAL-1993","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/aja.1001960203"},{"key":"bibr-WESTENDORF-AND-HIEBERT-1999","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Westendorf JJ, Hiebert SW (1999). Mammalian runt-domain proteins and their roles in hematopoiesis, osteogenesis, and leukemia. J Cell Biochem 32\u201333(Suppl):51\u201358.","DOI":"10.1002\/(SICI)1097-4644(1999)75:32+<51::AID-JCB7>3.0.CO;2-S"},{"key":"bibr-WIESCHAUS-ETAL-1984","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0012-1606(84)90046-0"},{"key":"bibr-WILKINSON-ETAL-1989","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/337461a0"},{"key":"bibr-WINSTON-AND-ALLIS-1999","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/10640"},{"key":"bibr-WINTJENS-AND-ROOMAN-1996","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1006\/jmbi.1996.0514"},{"key":"bibr-WITZGALL-ETAL-1994","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.91.10.4514"},{"key":"bibr-XU-AND-BESTOR-1997","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/ng1297-376"},{"key":"bibr-YAGI-ETAL-2003","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/jcb.10467"},{"key":"bibr-YAO-ETAL-2001","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/MCB.21.17.5979-5991.2001"},{"key":"bibr-ZHENG-ETAL-2000","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S1097-2765(00)00075-7"},{"key":"bibr-ZHONG-ETAL-1999","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/15463"}],"container-title":["Critical Reviews in Oral Biology &amp; Medicine"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1177\/154411130401500504","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/doi\/full-xml\/10.1177\/154411130401500504","content-type":"application\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1177\/154411130401500504","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2024,9,30]],"date-time":"2024-09-30T04:20:33Z","timestamp":1727670033000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/doi\/10.1177\/154411130401500504"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2004,9]]},"references-count":188,"journal-issue":{"issue":"5","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2004,9]]}},"alternative-id":["10.1177\/154411130401500504"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/154411130401500504","relation":{},"ISSN":["1045-4411","1544-1113"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1045-4411","type":"print"},{"value":"1544-1113","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2004,9]]}}}