{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,4]],"date-time":"2026-05-04T00:09:28Z","timestamp":1777853368957,"version":"3.51.4"},"reference-count":15,"publisher":"SAGE Publications","issue":"3","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2009,4,8]],"date-time":"2009-04-08T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1239148800000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/page\/policies\/text-and-data-mining-license"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Journal of the International Association of Physicians in AIDS Care"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2009,5]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>\n                    Background. Trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole (TMP-SMZ) has been recommended by World Health Organization (WHO) as daily prophylaxis for Africans with AIDS to prevent opportunistic infections. Daily TMP-SMZ may reduce its susceptibility to commensal intestinal Escherichia coli (E coli), increasing the burden of TMP-SMZ-resistant pathogens. Methods. Participants received either daily TMP-SMZ (CD4 &lt;350 cells\/mm\n                    <jats:sup>3<\/jats:sup>\n                    ) or daily multivitamins (MVIs; CD4 \u2265350 cells\/mm\n                    <jats:sup>3<\/jats:sup>\n                    ) for 6 months. Stool was collected at baseline, 2 weeks, 2 months, and 6 months. A random E coli was tested for susceptibility. Results. Baseline prevalence of TMP-SMZ resistance ranged from 71% to 81% and was not different across CD4 strata. At 2 weeks, prevalence of TMP-SMZ-resistant E coli increased significantly from 78% to 98% (P &lt; .001) among persons taking daily TMP-SMZ and did not change among persons taking MVIs. Conclusions. Daily prophylaxis with TMP-SMZ induced in vivo resistance to the drug after 2 weeks. Empiric therapy for diarrhea with agents other than TMP-SMZ should be considered for HIV-infected persons receiving daily TMP-SMZ prophylaxis.\n                  <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1177\/1545109709333112","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2009,4,8]],"date-time":"2009-04-08T22:18:29Z","timestamp":1239229109000},"page":"165-169","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":11,"title":["Daily Trimethoprim-Sulfamethoxazole Prophylaxis Rapidly Induces Corresponding Resistance Among Intestinal\n                    <i>Escherichia coli<\/i>\n                    of HIV-Infected Adults in Kenya"],"prefix":"10.1177","volume":"8","author":[{"given":"T.M.","family":"Chiller","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"C.S.","family":"Polyak","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia,"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"J.T.","family":"Brooks","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"J.","family":"Williamson","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"B.","family":"Ochieng","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Center for Vector Biology and Control Research, KEMRI, Kisumu, Kenya"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Y.P.","family":"Shi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"P.","family":"Ouma","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Center for Vector Biology and Control Research, KEMRI, Kisumu, Kenya"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"C.","family":"Greene","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"M.","family":"Hamel","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"J.","family":"Vulule","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Center for Vector Biology and Control Research, KEMRI, Kisumu, Kenya"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"C.","family":"Bopp","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"L.","family":"Slutsker","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Center for Vector Biology and Control Research, KEMRI, Kisumu, Kenya"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"E.","family":"Mintz","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"179","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2009,4,8]]},"reference":[{"key":"atypb1","unstructured":"WHO Expert Consultation on Cotrimoxazole Prophylaxis in HIV Infection. 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