{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,29]],"date-time":"2026-09-29T01:33:24Z","timestamp":1790645604975,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":20,"publisher":"SAGE Publications","issue":"6","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2009,9,15]],"date-time":"2009-09-15T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1252972800000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/page\/policies\/text-and-data-mining-license"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Journal of the International Association of Physicians in AIDS Care"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2009,11]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>\n                    The study was conducted to find the correlation of CD4 counts and plasma viral load (PVL) with opportunistic infections (OIs) in HIV-positive patients. A total of 43 drug-naive patients enrolled in the study. Absolute CD4 counts and PVL were measured. On the basis of symptoms, sputum, stool, and blood samples were obtained for laboratory tests. Oral swabs were obtained from all the patients. Pneumocystis jiroveci pneumonia was found in 45.2% patients (odds ratio [OR] = 12.8 for CD4 counts \u2264100 cells\/ mm\n                    <jats:sup>3<\/jats:sup>\n                    and 8.5 for PVL &gt;4.0 log\n                    <jats:sub>10<\/jats:sub>\n                    copies\/mL). Pulmonary tuberculosis (TB; OR = 8.0 for PVL &gt;4.0 log\n                    <jats:sub>10<\/jats:sub>\n                    copies\/mL) and streptococcal pneumonia (detected only with CD4 counts &lt;50 cells\/mm\n                    <jats:sup>3<\/jats:sup>\n                    and PVL &gt;4.0 log\n                    <jats:sub>10<\/jats:sub>\n                    copies\/mL) were seen in 41.9% and 12.9% patients, respectively. Among patients with diarrhea, Giardia lamblia was detected in 31% patients (OR = 3.0 for CD4 counts \u2264100 cells\/mm\n                    <jats:sup>3<\/jats:sup>\n                    and 4.0 for PVL &gt;4.0 log\n                    <jats:sub>10<\/jats:sub>\n                    copies\/mL) and Cryptosporidium in 17.2% patients (OR = 1.8 for CD4 counts \u2264100 cells\/mm\n                    <jats:sup>3<\/jats:sup>\n                    and found only with PVL &gt;4.0 log\n                    <jats:sub>10<\/jats:sub>\n                    copies\/mL). Shigellosis and Clostridium difficile toxin was present in 13.6% patients and 6.8% patients, respectively.\n                  <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1177\/1545109709346881","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2009,12,1]],"date-time":"2009-12-01T15:00:35Z","timestamp":1259679635000},"page":"333-337","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":19,"title":["Epidemiology of Opportunistic Infections and Its Correlation With CD4 T-Lymphocyte Counts and Plasma Viral Load Among HIV-Positive Patients at a Tertiary Care Hospital in India"],"prefix":"10.1177","volume":"8","author":[{"given":"Hitender","family":"Gautam","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Microbiology, Maulana Azad Medical College and Lok Nayak Hospital, New Delhi, India,"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Preena","family":"Bhalla","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Microbiology, Maulana Azad Medical College and Lok Nayak Hospital, New Delhi, India"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Sanjeev","family":"Saini","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Microbiology, Maulana Azad Medical College and Lok Nayak Hospital, New Delhi, India"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Beena","family":"Uppal","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Microbiology, Maulana Azad Medical College and Lok Nayak Hospital, New Delhi, India"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ravinder","family":"Kaur","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Microbiology, Maulana Azad Medical College and Lok Nayak Hospital, New Delhi, India"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Chander Prakash","family":"Baveja","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Microbiology, Maulana Azad Medical College and Lok Nayak Hospital, New Delhi, India"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Richa","family":"Dewan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Medicine, Maulana Azad Medical College and Lok Nayak Hospital, New Delhi, India"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"179","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2009,9,15]]},"reference":[{"key":"atypb1","first-page":"2009","volume":"25","author":"Unaids","journal-title":"Retrieved March"},{"key":"atypb2","unstructured":"WHO. Guidelines for HIV diagnosis and monitoring of antiretroviral therapy; December 2005. 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