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In this sense, plant-based extracts named essential oils have emerged as potentially effective and environmentally safe anesthetic\/sedative options. Here, we sought to evaluate the essential oil of\n                    <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">Varronia curassavica<\/jats:italic>\n                    (VCEO) as an anesthetic\/sedative ingredient. Here, the anesthetic and sedative capabilities of the VCEO using adult zebrafish (\n                    <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">Danio rerio<\/jats:italic>\n                    ). The anesthetic induction was performed under four different concentrations (100, 200, 400, and 600 mg L\n                    <jats:sup>\u22121<\/jats:sup>\n                    ), followed by evaluation of recovery time; furthermore, a 3 h long exposure was performed for sedative testing, where fish were exposed for 3 h at three different concentrations (50, 80, and 100 mg L\n                    <jats:sup>\u22121<\/jats:sup>\n                    ) under a superpopulation condition, such as those faced during transport. To assess stress, we collected whole-body cortisol from each individual after each exposure. The concentrations of 400 and 600 mg L\n                    <jats:sup>\u22121<\/jats:sup>\n                    induced anesthesia (S4) but promoted excessive recovery times; on the contrary, they reduced the cortisol levels of the fish compared with the positive and negative controls. In the sedative testing (3 h long exposure), the animals exposed to 50 mg L\n                    <jats:sup>\u22121<\/jats:sup>\n                    remained in S2 stage from the first 10 min, and those exposed to 80 mg L\n                    <jats:sup>\u22121<\/jats:sup>\n                    after 20 min. The 100 mg L\n                    <jats:sup>\u22121<\/jats:sup>\n                    induced stage S3a. There were no significant changes in cortisol levels observed at these concentrations. Limitations include measurement of whole-body cortisol at a single endpoint and the consistently slower induction and recovery with VCEO compared with a reference anesthetic MS-222, a property that constrains its practical use and warrants further dose\u2013response, time-course, and recovery-optimization studies. Therefore, VCEO appears to be a promising anesthetic and sedative alternative, effective and plant-based, without increasing the physiological stress of the animals.\n                  <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1177\/15458547261461539","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,23]],"date-time":"2026-06-23T15:57:46Z","timestamp":1782230266000},"page":"116-124","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/sage-journals-update-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["Essential Oil of\n                    <i>Varronia curassavica<\/i>\n                    (Cordiaceae) as an Anesthetic and Sedative for Zebrafish"],"prefix":"10.1177","volume":"23","author":[{"given":"Ana J\u00falia","family":"Redante","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Biological Sciences Course, University of Passo Fundo, Passo Fundo, RS, Brazil."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Larissa","family":"Kochenborger Behm","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Medicine and Health Institute, University of Passo Fundo, Passo Fundo, RS, Brazil."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Carlos Herminio Magalh\u00e3es","family":"Fortes","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Veterinary Medicine, Riograndense Center for Higher Education, Sarandi, RS, Brazil."},{"name":"Graduate Program in Pharmacology, Federal University of Santa Maria, Santa Maria, RS, Brazil."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ana Paula Giolo","family":"Franz","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Graduate Program in Bioexperimentation, University of Passo Fundo, Passo Fundo, RS, Brazil."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Emilly","family":"Baldissareli","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Veterinary Medicine Course, University of Passo Fundo, Passo Fundo, RS, 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