{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,28]],"date-time":"2026-10-28T17:47:25Z","timestamp":1793209645381,"version":"4.5.0"},"reference-count":38,"publisher":"SAGE Publications","issue":"2","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2010,10,15]],"date-time":"2010-10-15T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1287100800000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/page\/policies\/text-and-data-mining-license"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["journals.sagepub.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Neurorehabil Neural Repair"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2011,2]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>\n                    Background. Spinal cord injury (SCI) patients have respiratory complications because of abdominal muscle weakness and paralysis, which impair the ability to cough. Objective. This study aims to enhance cough in high-level SCI subjects (n = 11, SCI at or above T6) using surface electrical stimulation of the abdominal muscles via 2 pairs of posterolaterally placed electrodes. Methods. From total lung capacity, subjects performed maximum expiratory pressure (MEP) efforts against a closed airway and voluntary cough efforts. Both efforts were performed with and without superimposed trains of electrical stimulation (50 Hz, 1 second) at a submaximal intensity set to evoke a gastric pressure ( P\n                    <jats:sub>ga<\/jats:sub>\n                    ) of 40 cm H\n                    <jats:sub>2<\/jats:sub>\n                    O at functional residual capacity. Results. In the MEP effort, stimulation increased the maximal P\n                    <jats:sub>ga<\/jats:sub>\n                    (from 21.4 \u00b1 7.0 to 59.0 \u00b1 5.7 cm H\n                    <jats:sub>2<\/jats:sub>\n                    O) and esophageal pressure ( P\n                    <jats:sub>es<\/jats:sub>\n                    ; 47.2 \u00b1 11.7 to 65.6 \u00b1 13.6 cm H\n                    <jats:sub>2<\/jats:sub>\n                    O). During the cough efforts, stimulation increased P\n                    <jats:sub>ga<\/jats:sub>\n                    (19.5 \u00b1 6.0 to 57.9 \u00b1 7.0 cm H\n                    <jats:sub>2<\/jats:sub>\n                    O) and P\n                    <jats:sub>es<\/jats:sub>\n                    (31.2 \u00b1 8.7 to 56.6 \u00b1 10.5 cm H\n                    <jats:sub>2<\/jats:sub>\n                    O). The increased expiratory pressures during cough efforts with stimulation increased peak expiratory flow (PEF, by 36% \u00b1 5%), mean expiratory flow (by 80% \u00b1 8%), and expired lung volume (by 41% \u00b1 16%). In every subject, superimposed electrical stimulation improved peak expiratory flow during cough efforts (by 0.99 \u00b1 0.12 L\/s; range, 0.41-1.80 L\/s). Wearing an abdominal binder did not improve stimulated cough flows or pressures. Conclusions. The increases in P\n                    <jats:sub>ga<\/jats:sub>\n                    and PEF with electrical stimulation using the novel posterolateral electrode placement are 2 to 3 times greater than improvements reported in other studies. This suggests that posterolateral electrical stimulation of abdominal muscles is a simple noninvasive way to enhance cough in individuals with SCI.\n                  <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1177\/1545968310378509","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2010,10,15]],"date-time":"2010-10-15T23:06:35Z","timestamp":1287183995000},"page":"158-167","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/sage-journals-update-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":36,"title":["Posterolateral Surface Electrical Stimulation of Abdominal Expiratory Muscles to Enhance Cough in Spinal Cord Injury"],"prefix":"10.1177","volume":"25","author":[{"given":"Jane E.","family":"Butler","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Prince of Wales Medical Research Institute, Randwick, New South Wales, Australia"},{"name":"University of New South Wales, Randwick, New South Wales, Australia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Julianne","family":"Lim","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Prince of Wales Medical Research Institute, Randwick, New South Wales, Australia"},{"name":"University of New South Wales, Randwick, New South Wales, Australia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Robert B.","family":"Gorman","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Prince of Wales Medical Research Institute, Randwick, New South Wales, Australia"},{"name":"University of New South Wales, Randwick, New South Wales, Australia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Claire","family":"Boswell-Ruys","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Prince of Wales Medical Research Institute, Randwick, New South Wales, Australia"},{"name":"University of New South Wales, Randwick, New South Wales, Australia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Julian P.","family":"Saboisky","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Prince of Wales Medical Research Institute, Randwick, New South Wales, Australia"},{"name":"University of New South Wales, Randwick, New South Wales, Australia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Bonsan B.","family":"Lee","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Prince of Wales Medical Research Institute, Randwick, New South Wales, Australia"},{"name":"University of New South Wales, Randwick, New South Wales, Australia"},{"name":"Prince of Wales Hospital, Randwick, New South Wales, Australia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Simon C.","family":"Gandevia","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Prince of Wales Medical Research Institute, Randwick, New South Wales, Australia"},{"name":"University of New South Wales, Randwick, New South Wales, Australia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"179","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2010,10,15]]},"reference":[{"key":"bibr1-1545968310378509","unstructured":"Lindsey L. 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