{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,5]],"date-time":"2026-10-05T22:38:53Z","timestamp":1791239933303,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":31,"publisher":"SAGE Publications","issue":"9","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2011,6,21]],"date-time":"2011-06-21T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1308614400000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/page\/policies\/text-and-data-mining-license"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["journals.sagepub.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Neurorehabil Neural Repair"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2011,11]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>Background. Neuroprostheses can restore functions such as hand grasp or standing to individuals with spinal cord injury (SCI) using electrical stimulation to elicit movements in paralyzed muscles. Implanted neuroprostheses currently use electromyographic (EMG) activity from muscles above the lesion that remain under volitional control as a command input. Systems in development use a networked approach and will allow for restoration of multiple functions but will require additional command signals to control the system, especially in individuals with high-level tetraplegia. Objective. The objective of this study was to investigate the feasibility of using muscles innervated below the injury level as command sources for a neuroprosthesis. Recent anatomical and physiological studies have demonstrated the presence of intact axons across the lesion, even in those diagnosed with a clinically complete SCI; hence, EMG activity may be present in muscles with no sign of movement. Methods. Twelve participants with motor complete SCI were enrolled and EMG was recorded with surface electrodes from 8 muscles below the knee in each leg. Results. Significant activity was evident in 89% of the 192 muscles studied during attempted movements of the foot and lower limb. At least 2 muscles from each participant were identified as potential command signals for a neuroprosthesis based on 2-state, threshold classification. Conclusions. Results suggest that voluntary activity is present and recordable in below lesion muscles even after clinically complete SCI.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1177\/1545968311410067","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2011,6,22]],"date-time":"2011-06-22T01:24:55Z","timestamp":1308705895000},"page":"847-854","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/sage-journals-update-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":54,"title":["A Novel Command Signal for Motor Neuroprosthetic Control"],"prefix":"10.1177","volume":"25","author":[{"given":"Christa W.","family":"Moss","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Kevin L.","family":"Kilgore","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH, USA"},{"name":"Louis Stokes Cleveland VA Medical Center, Cleveland, OH, USA"},{"name":"MetroHealth Medical Center, Cleveland, OH, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"P. Hunter","family":"Peckham","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH, USA"},{"name":"Louis Stokes Cleveland VA Medical Center, Cleveland, OH, USA"},{"name":"MetroHealth Medical Center, Cleveland, OH, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"179","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2011,6,21]]},"reference":[{"key":"bibr1-1545968311410067","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1053\/jhsu.2002.30919"},{"key":"bibr2-1545968311410067","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/TNSRE.2008.2003390"},{"key":"bibr3-1545968311410067","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/TBME.2007.902225"},{"key":"bibr4-1545968311410067","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1378\/chest.127.2.671"},{"key":"bibr5-1545968311410067","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/jnnp.49.10.1104"},{"key":"bibr6-1545968311410067","unstructured":"Kilgore KL, Peckham PH, Crish TJ, Smith B, inventors; Case Western Reserve University, assignee. Implantable networked neural system. US patent 7,260,436. 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