{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,18]],"date-time":"2026-09-18T08:05:18Z","timestamp":1789718718342,"version":"4.0.1"},"reference-count":16,"publisher":"SAGE Publications","issue":"4","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2011,9,29]],"date-time":"2011-09-29T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1317254400000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/page\/policies\/text-and-data-mining-license"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["journals.sagepub.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Neurorehabil Neural Repair"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2012,5]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>Background. More than 150 000 neuroprostheses (NPs) have been implanted in people to restore bodily function in a variety of neural disorders. The authors developed a novel NP, the Stimulus Router System (SRS), in which only passive leads are implanted. Each lead picks up a portion of the current delivered through the skin by an external stimulator. Objective. The authors report on the first human implant of an SRS. Methods. The recipient was a tetraplegic man with bilateral hand paralysis. Three SRS leads were implanted in his right forearm to activate the finger extensors, finger flexors, and thumb flexor. A wristlet containing a surface stimulator and electrodes was used to pass trains of electrical pulses through the skin to each lead. Hand opening and grasp were controlled via a wireless earpiece that sensed small tooth-clicks and transmitted signals to the wristlet. Results. The current required to activate the muscles was less than half that required prior to implantation and below perceptual threshold. Maximal grip force and hand opening aperture were both larger using the SRS. The implanted leads have remained functional for 3 years. The recipient reported various tasks of daily life that improved during SRS usage. An electronic counter revealed mean monthly usage of 18.5 hours, equivalent to 55 hours of continuous manual activity. Conclusions. This first implant of the SRS indicates that it can be effective and reliable and has potential to provide an alternative to existing NPs.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1177\/1545968311420443","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2011,9,30]],"date-time":"2011-09-30T07:34:27Z","timestamp":1317368067000},"page":"335-343","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/sage-journals-update-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":25,"title":["First Permanent Implant of Nerve Stimulation Leads Activated by Surface Electrodes, Enabling Hand Grasp and Release"],"prefix":"10.1177","volume":"26","author":[{"given":"Liu Shi","family":"Gan","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Einat","family":"Ravid","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jan Andrzej","family":"Kowalczewski","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jaret Lawrence","family":"Olson","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Michael","family":"Morhart","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Arthur","family":"Prochazka","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"179","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2011,9,29]]},"reference":[{"key":"bibr1-1545968311420443","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1053\/jhsu.2002.30919"},{"key":"bibr2-1545968311420443","first-page":"513","volume":"2007","author":"Spensley J","year":"2007","journal-title":"Conf Proc IEEE Eng Med Biol Soc"},{"key":"bibr3-1545968311420443","first-page":"87","volume-title":"Spinal Cord Injury Rehabilitation","author":"Prochazka A","year":"2009"},{"key":"bibr4-1545968311420443","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/TBME.2006.886664"},{"key":"bibr5-1545968311420443","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/TBME.2009.2031427"},{"key":"bibr6-1545968311420443","volume-title":"Paper presented at: 13th Annual International FES Society Conference","author":"Prochazka A"},{"key":"bibr7-1545968311420443","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/AJP.0b013e3181d4d646"},{"key":"bibr8-1545968311420443","unstructured":"Kowalczewski J, inventor; Angeltear Solutions, Inc (Edmonton, CA), assignee . Adjustable tissue or nerve cuff and method of use. US patent application 20,090,210,042. February 12, 2009."},{"key":"bibr9-1545968311420443","unstructured":"Prochazka A, inventor; Rehabtronics, Inc (Edmonton, CA), assignee . Method and apparatus for controlling a device or process with vibrations generated by tooth clicks. US patient 6,961,623. November 1, 2005."},{"key":"bibr10-1545968311420443","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/TBME.2008.921161"},{"key":"bibr11-1545968311420443","author":"Kowalczewski J","journal-title":"Neurorehabil Neural Repair"},{"key":"bibr12-1545968311420443","volume-title":"Poster presented at: Proceedings of the 12th Annual International FES Society Conference","author":"Gan LS"},{"key":"bibr13-1545968311420443","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/mrm.10310"},{"key":"bibr14-1545968311420443","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s004010050907"},{"key":"bibr15-1545968311420443","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0003-9993(99)90141-7"},{"key":"bibr16-1545968311420443","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/TNSRE.2007.909816"}],"container-title":["Neurorehabilitation and Neural Repair"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1177\/1545968311420443","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/doi\/full-xml\/10.1177\/1545968311420443","content-type":"application\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1177\/1545968311420443","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,2]],"date-time":"2026-05-02T07:03:34Z","timestamp":1777705414000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/doi\/10.1177\/1545968311420443"}},"subtitle":["The Stimulus Router Neuroprosthesis"],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2011,9,29]]},"references-count":16,"journal-issue":{"issue":"4","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2012,5]]}},"alternative-id":["10.1177\/1545968311420443"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/1545968311420443","relation":{},"ISSN":["1545-9683","1552-6844"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1545-9683","type":"print"},{"value":"1552-6844","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2011,9,29]]}}}