{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,25]],"date-time":"2026-09-25T19:19:23Z","timestamp":1790363963229,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":38,"publisher":"SAGE Publications","issue":"8","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2013,6,10]],"date-time":"2013-06-10T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1370822400000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/page\/policies\/text-and-data-mining-license"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["journals.sagepub.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Neurorehabil Neural Repair"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2013,10]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>Background. Neurorehabilitation interventions to improve lower limb function and neuropathic pain have had limited success in people with chronic, incomplete spinal cord injury (iSCI). Objective. We hypothesized that intense virtual reality (VR)\u2013augmented training of observed and executed leg movements would improve limb function and neuropathic pain. Methods. Patients used a VR system with a first-person view of virtual lower limbs, controlled via movement sensors fitted to the patient\u2019s own shoes. Four tasks were used to deliver intensive training of individual muscles (tibialis anterior, quadriceps, leg ad-\/abductors). The tasks engaged motivation through feedback of task success. Fourteen chronic iSCI patients were treated over 4 weeks in 16 to 20 sessions of 45 minutes. Outcome measures were 10 Meter Walking Test, Berg Balance Scale, Lower Extremity Motor Score, Spinal Cord Independence Measure, Locomotion and Neuropathic Pain Scale (NPS), obtained at the start and at 4 to 6 weeks before intervention. Results. In addition to positive changes reported by the patients (Patients\u2019 Global Impression of Change), measures of walking capacity, balance, and strength revealed improvements in lower limb function. Intensity and unpleasantness of neuropathic pain in half of the affected participants were reduced on the NPS test. Overall findings remained stable 12 to 16 weeks after termination of the training. Conclusions. In a pretest\/posttest, uncontrolled design, VR-augmented training was associated with improvements in motor function and neuropathic pain in persons with chronic iSCI, several of which reached the level of a minimal clinically important change. A controlled trial is needed to compare this intervention to active training alone or in combination.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1177\/1545968313490999","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2013,6,11]],"date-time":"2013-06-11T21:08:57Z","timestamp":1370984937000},"page":"675-683","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/sage-journals-update-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":101,"title":["Virtual Reality\u2013Augmented Neurorehabilitation Improves Motor Function and Reduces Neuropathic Pain in Patients With Incomplete Spinal Cord Injury"],"prefix":"10.1177","volume":"27","author":[{"given":"Michael","family":"Villiger","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"University Hospital Balgrist, Zurich, Switzerland"},{"name":"Institute of Neuroinformatics, University of Zurich and ETH Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Dominik","family":"Bohli","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Human Movement Science and Sport, ETH Zurich, Switzerland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Daniel","family":"Kiper","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Neuroinformatics, University of Zurich and ETH Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Pawel","family":"Pyk","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Neuroinformatics, University of Zurich and ETH Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jeremy","family":"Spillmann","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Neuroinformatics, University of Zurich and ETH Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Bruno","family":"Meilick","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Neuroinformatics, University of Zurich and ETH Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Armin","family":"Curt","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"University Hospital Balgrist, Zurich, Switzerland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Marie-Claude","family":"Hepp-Reymond","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Neuroinformatics, University of Zurich and ETH Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Sabina","family":"Hotz-Boendermaker","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"University Hospital Balgrist, Zurich, Switzerland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Kynan","family":"Eng","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Neuroinformatics, University of Zurich and ETH Zurich, Zurich, 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