{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,16]],"date-time":"2026-09-16T19:38:52Z","timestamp":1789587532264,"version":"build-2803163510"},"reference-count":36,"publisher":"SAGE Publications","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2013,8,1]],"date-time":"2013-08-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1375315200000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/page\/policies\/text-and-data-mining-license"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["journals.sagepub.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Neurorehabil Neural Repair"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2014,1]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>Background. Extensive neuromotor development occurs early in human life, and the timing of brain injury may affect the resulting motor impairment. In Part I of this series, it was demonstrated that the distribution of weakness in the upper extremity depended on the timing of brain injury in individuals with childhood-onset hemiparesis. Objective. The goal of this study was to characterize how timing of brain injury affects joint torque synergies, or losses of independent joint control. Method. Twenty-four individuals with hemiparesis were divided into 3 groups based on the timing of their injury: before birth (PRE-natal, n = 8), around the time of birth (PERI-natal, n = 8), and after 6 months of age (POST-natal, n = 8). Individuals with hemiparesis and 8 typically developing peers participated in maximal isometric shoulder, elbow, wrist, and finger torque generation tasks while their efforts were recorded by a multiple degree-of-freedom load cell. Motor output in 4 joints of the upper extremity was concurrently measured during 8 primary torque generation tasks to quantify joint torque synergies. Results. There were a number of significant coupling patterns identified in individuals with hemiparesis that differed from the typically developing group. POST-natal differences were most noted in the coupling of shoulder abductors with elbow, wrist, and finger flexors, while the PRE-natal group demonstrated significant distal joint coupling with elbow flexion. Conclusion. The torque synergies measured provide indirect evidence for the use of bulbospinal pathways in the POST-natal group, while those with earlier injury may use relatively preserved ipsilateral corticospinal motor pathways.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1177\/1545968313497829","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2013,8,2]],"date-time":"2013-08-02T20:38:36Z","timestamp":1375475916000},"page":"24-35","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/sage-journals-update-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":43,"title":["Motor Impairments Related to Brain Injury Timing in Early Hemiparesis. Part II"],"prefix":"10.1177","volume":"28","author":[{"given":"Theresa","family":"Sukal-Moulton","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Physical Therapy and Human Movement Sciences, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL, USA"},{"name":"Biomedical Engineering, Northwestern University, Evanston, IL, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Kristin J.","family":"Krosschell","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Physical Therapy and Human Movement Sciences, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Deborah J.","family":"Gaebler-Spira","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL, USA"},{"name":"The Rehabilitation Institute of Chicago, Chicago, IL, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Julius P. 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