{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,16]],"date-time":"2026-10-16T21:59:28Z","timestamp":1792187968440,"version":"4.4.0"},"reference-count":59,"publisher":"SAGE Publications","issue":"2","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2020,1,23]],"date-time":"2020-01-23T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1579737600000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/page\/policies\/text-and-data-mining-license"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100011852","name":"Paracelsus Medizinische Privatuniversit\u00e4t","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["S-19\/03\/015-LEI"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["S-19\/03\/015-LEI"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100011852","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["journals.sagepub.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Neurorehabil Neural Repair"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2020,2]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>Objective. To examine (1) if serological or cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) biomarkers can be used as diagnostic and\/or prognostic tools in patients with spinal cord injury (SCI) and (2) if literature provides recommendations regarding timing and source of biomarker evaluation. Data Sources. A systematic literature search to identify studies reporting on diagnostic and prognostic blood and\/or CSF biomarkers in SCI was conducted in PubMed\/MEDLINE, CINAHL, Science Direct, The Cochrane Library, ISI Web of Science, and PEDro. Study Selection. Clinical trials, cohort, and pilot studies on patients with traumatic SCI investigating at least one blood or CSF biomarker were included. Following systematic screening, 19 articles were included in the final analysis. PRISMA guidelines were followed to conduct this review. Data Extraction. Independent extraction of articles was completed by 2 authors using predefined inclusion criteria and study quality indicators. Data Synthesis. Nineteen studies published between 2002 and April 2019 with 1596 patients were included in the systematic review. In 14 studies, blood biomarkers were measured, 4 studies investigated CSF biomarkers, and 1 study used both blood and CSF samples. Conclusions. Serum\/CSF concentrations of several biomarkers (S100b, IL-6, GFAP, NSE, tau, TNF-\u03b1, IL-8, MCP-1, pNF-H, and IP-10) following SCI are highly time dependent and related to injury severity. Future studies need to validate these markers as true biomarkers and should control for secondary complications associated with SCI. A deeper understanding of secondary pathophysiological events after SCI and their effect on biomarker dynamics may improve their clinical significance as surrogate parameters in future clinical studies.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1177\/1545968319899920","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2020,1,23]],"date-time":"2020-01-23T13:53:07Z","timestamp":1579787587000},"page":"95-110","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/sage-journals-update-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":56,"title":["Biomarkers in Traumatic Spinal Cord Injury\u2014Technical and Clinical Considerations: A Systematic Review"],"prefix":"10.1177","volume":"34","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5963-0598","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Iris","family":"Leister","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Molecular Regenerative Medicine, Paracelsus Medical University, Salzburg, Austria"},{"name":"Austrian Spinal Cord Injury Study, Paracelsus Medical University, Salzburg, Austria"},{"name":"Spinal Cord Injury and Tissue Regeneration Center Salzburg (SCI-TReCS), Paracelsus Medical University, Salzburg, Austria"},{"name":"International Collaboration on Repair Discoveries (ICORD), University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Thomas","family":"Haider","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Orthopedics and Trauma Surgery, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Georg","family":"Mattiassich","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Ludwig-Boltzmann Institute for Experimental and Clinical Traumatology, Vienna, Austria"},{"name":"Traumacenter Graz, Teaching Hospital of the Medical University Graz, Graz, Austria"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"John L. 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