{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,1]],"date-time":"2026-09-01T00:02:30Z","timestamp":1788220950673,"version":"build-2803163510"},"reference-count":61,"publisher":"SAGE Publications","issue":"4-5","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,3,23]],"date-time":"2023-03-23T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1679529600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":365,"URL":"http:\/\/www.sagepub.com\/licence-information-for-chorus"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000002","name":"National Institutes of Health","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["R25GM08325"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["R25GM08325"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000002","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000005","name":"U.S. Department of Defense","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["W81XWH-13-1-0081"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["W81XWH-13-1-0081"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000005","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["journals.sagepub.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Neurorehabil Neural Repair"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2022,4]]},"abstract":"<jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Background<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Synergy analysis provides a means of quantifying the complexity of neuromuscular control during gait. Prior studies have shown evidence of reduced neuromuscular complexity during gait in individuals with neurological disorders associated with stroke, cerebral palsy, and Parkinson\u2019s disease.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Objective<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>The purpose of this study was to investigate neuromuscular complexity during gait in individuals who experienced a prior traumatic brain injury (TBI) that resulted in chronic balance deficits.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>We measured and analyzed lower extremity electromyographic data during treadmill and overground walking for 44 individuals with residual balance deficits from a mild-to-moderate TBI at least 1\u00a0year prior. We also tested 20 unimpaired controls as a comparison. Muscle synergies were calculated for each limb using non-negative matrix factorization of the activation patterns for 6 leg muscles. We quantified neuromuscular complexity using Walk-DMC, a normalized metric of the total variance accounted for by a single synergy, in which a Walk-DMC score of 100 represents normal variance accounted for. We compared group average synergy structures and inter-limb similarity using cosine similarity. We also quantified each individual\u2019s gait and balance using the Sensory Organization Test, the Dynamic Gait Index, and the Six-Minute Walk Test.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Neuromuscular complexity was diminished for individuals with a prior TBI. Walk-DMC averaged 92.8 \u00b1 12.3 for the TBI group during overground walking, which was significantly less than seen in controls (100.0 \u00b1 10.0). Individuals with a prior TBI exhibited 13% slower overground walking speeds than controls and reduced performance on the Dynamic Gait Index (18.5 \u00b1 4.7 out of 24). However, Walk-DMC measures were insufficient to stratify variations in assessments of gait and balance performance. Group average synergy structures were similar between groups, although there were considerable between-group differences in the inter-limb similarity of the synergy activation vectors.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Individuals with gait and balance deficits due to a prior TBI exhibit evidence of decreased neuromuscular complexity during gait. Our results suggest that individuals with TBI exhibit similar muscle synergy weightings as controls, but altered control of the temporal activation of these muscle weightings.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1177\/15459683221081064","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,3,24]],"date-time":"2022-03-24T17:53:52Z","timestamp":1648144432000},"page":"317-327","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/sage-journals-update-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":22,"title":["Individuals with Chronic Mild-to-Moderate Traumatic Brain Injury Exhibit Decreased Neuromuscular Complexity During Gait"],"prefix":"10.1177","volume":"36","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0428-5416","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Samuel A.","family":"Acu\u00f1a","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Bioengineering, George Mason University, Fairfax, VA, USA"},{"name":"Center for Adaptive Systems of Brain-Body Interactions, George Mason University, Fairfax, VA, USA"},{"name":"Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of Wisconsin\u2013Madison, Madison, WI, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mitchell E.","family":"Tyler","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Wisconsin\u2013Madison, Madison, WI, USA"},{"name":"Department of Kinesiology, University of Wisconsin\u2013Madison, Madison, WI, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Darryl G.","family":"Thelen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of Wisconsin\u2013Madison, Madison, WI, USA"},{"name":"Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Wisconsin\u2013Madison, Madison, WI, USA"},{"name":"Department of Orthopedics and Rehabilitation, University of Wisconsin\u2013Madison, Madison, WI, 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