{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,19]],"date-time":"2026-08-19T17:15:00Z","timestamp":1787159700567,"version":"build-2736575974"},"reference-count":57,"publisher":"SAGE Publications","issue":"2","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,8]],"date-time":"2025-12-08T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1765152000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,8]],"date-time":"2025-12-08T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1765152000000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/page\/policies\/text-and-data-mining-license"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100009520","name":"praxis spinal cord institute","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100009520","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001804","name":"canada research chairs","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001804","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["journals.sagepub.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Neurorehabil Neural Repair"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,2]]},"abstract":"<jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Introduction<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Functional electrical stimulation (FES) may enhance the impact of locomotor training on walking impairments following spinal cord injury (SCI).<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Objective<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>This systematic review (PROSPERO: CRD42023435210) evaluated the therapeutic effectiveness of FES-assisted locomotor training (FALT) on improving walking speed and endurance for individuals with motor incomplete SCI (iSCI).<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Databases (MEDLINE, EMBASE, CINAHL) were searched for interventional studies of FALT in iSCI that assessed the therapeutic effects on walking speed and\/or endurance when the FES was not active. Study characteristics and findings were extracted, summarized, and narratively synthesized. Risk of bias was assessed using the Cochrane tools for interventional studies. Random effects meta-analyses were conducted to generate standardized pooled effect sizes for both outcomes.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      Thirteen studies were identified: 4 randomized controlled trials (RCTs) and 9 pre-post tests. RCTs scored low (\n                      <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">n<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u2009=\u20091 study), intermediate (\n                      <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">n<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u2009=\u20091), and high (\n                      <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">n<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u2009=\u20092) on the RoB2, and all pre-post tests studies (\n                      <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">n<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u2009=\u20099) scored high on the ROBINS-I. Meta-analyses of 3 RCTs found that treadmill-based FALT was associated with a small, non-significant effect on walking speed (\n                      <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">n<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u2009=\u200976 participants; Hedge\u2019s\n                      <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">g<\/jats:italic>\n                      : \u22120.01; 95% CI: \u22120.46, 0.43;\n                      <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">P<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u2009=\u2009.96) and a small, non-significant effect on walking endurance (\n                      <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">n<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u2009=\u200971; Hedge\u2019s\n                      <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">g<\/jats:italic>\n                      : 0.20; 95% CI: \u22120.25, 0.65;\n                      <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">P<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u2009=\u2009.39) when compared to control conditions.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Discussion<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>This review did not find evidence that FALT improves walking speed or endurance for people with iSCI relative to other types of locomotor training. Future trials of FALT for SCI should aim to better standardize and report training dose and stimulation parameters to improve comparability.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1177\/15459683251395722","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,9]],"date-time":"2025-12-09T07:20:16Z","timestamp":1765264816000},"page":"144-156","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/sage-journals-update-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":2,"title":["Effectiveness of Functional Electrical Stimulation Assisted Locomotor Training on walking Outcomes Following Incomplete Spinal Cord Injury: Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis"],"prefix":"10.1177","volume":"40","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6731-2728","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Janelle","family":"Unger","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Physical Therapy, Faculty of Health Sciences, Western University, London, ON, Canada"},{"name":"Gray Centre for Mobility and Activity, Parkwood Institute, St. Joseph\u2019s Healthcare, London, ON, Canada"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4559-4098","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Joshua C.","family":"Wiener","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Physical Therapy, Faculty of Health Sciences, Western University, London, ON, Canada"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Prachi","family":"Patel","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Interdisciplinary Medical Sciences Program, Schulich School of Medicine &amp; Dentistry, Western University, London, ON, Canada"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Usman","family":"Shakir","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Interdisciplinary Medical Sciences Program, Schulich School of Medicine &amp; Dentistry, Western University, London, ON, Canada"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2093-0788","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Janice J.","family":"Eng","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Physical Therapy, Faculty of Medicine, University of British Columbia and Centre for Aging SMART, Vancouver, BC, Canada"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"179","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,8]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_3_2_2_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/sc.2009.116"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_3_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1089\/neu.2011.2226"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_4_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fnhum.2014.00141"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_5_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.pneurobio.2004.04.003"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_6_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2522\/ptj.20050212"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_7_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms22094858"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_8_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/NPT.0000000000000184"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_9_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1310\/sci1301-32"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_10_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s40141-020-00277-1"},{"issue":"11","key":"e_1_3_2_11_2","article-title":"Locomotor training for walking after spinal cord injury","volume":"11","author":"Mehrholz J","year":"2012","unstructured":"Mehrholz J, Kugler J, Pohl M. 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