{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,11]],"date-time":"2026-09-11T16:50:27Z","timestamp":1789145427492,"version":"build-2803163510"},"reference-count":52,"publisher":"SAGE Publications","issue":"4","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,12]],"date-time":"2026-02-12T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1770854400000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/page\/policies\/text-and-data-mining-license"}],"funder":[{"name":"Young Investigator Grant of Beijing Tsinghua Chang Gung Hospital","award":["23329-0-02"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["23329-0-02"]}]},{"name":"Open Research Project Program of Beijing Municipal Key Laboratory of Opto-Mechatronic Equipment Technology","award":["BIPT-OMET-2022-02"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["BIPT-OMET-2022-02"]}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100012166","name":"national key research and development program of china","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["2022YFC3601105"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2022YFC3601105"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100012166","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["journals.sagepub.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Neurorehabil Neural Repair"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,4]]},"abstract":"<jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Background.<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Persistent post-stroke ankle impairment hinders functional recovery. Brain-computer interface (BCI)-controlled ankle robot show rehabilitation potential, but their efficacy and underlying neuroplasticity remain unclear.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Objective.<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>To assess BCI-controlled ankle robot training on post-stroke lower-limb motor recovery and neuroplasticity using quantitative EEG (qEEG).<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Methods.<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Thirty-two stroke patients were randomized to BCI (n\u2009=\u200916, 40-minute BCI-robot training) or control (n\u2009=\u200916, 40-minute ankle-robot training) groups, receiving 5 sessions\/week for 2\u2009weeks. Outcomes included Fugl-Meyer Assessment-Lower Extremity (FMA-LE), Berg Balance Scale (BBS), Functional Ambulatory Category (FAC), Modified Ashworth Scale (MAS), active range of motion (AROM), and muscle strength. QEEG assessed the relative power of the delta (r\u03b4), theta (r\u03b8), alpha (r\u03b1), beta (r\u03b2) bands, spectral power ratios, pairwise-derived Brain Symmetry Index (pdBSI), and functional connectivity.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results.<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      Both groups showed significant within-group improvements in dorsiflexion AROM, dorsiflexor strength, FMA-LE, BBS, and FAC (\n                      <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">P<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u2009&lt;\u2009.05). The BCI group demonstrated significantly greater FMA-LE improvement than controls (\u2206FMA-LE,\n                      <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">P<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u2009=\u2009.007) and reduced calf spasticity (MAS;\n                      <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">P<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u2009=\u2009.038). QEEG analysis in the BCI group revealed decreased r\u03b4 (\n                      <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">P<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u2009=\u2009.005), increased r\u03b1 (\n                      <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">P<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u2009=\u2009.017), reduced DAR and DTABR (\n                      <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">P<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u2009&lt;\u2009.05), reduced interhemispheric asymmetry (pdBSI-\u03b4;\n                      <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">P<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u2009=\u2009.018), and enhanced Cz-parietal connectivity in \u03b1 and \u03b2 bands (\n                      <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">P<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u2009&lt;\u2009.05).\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusion.<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>BCI-controlled ankle robot training significantly improved lower-limb motor function and reduced spasticity post-stroke. Associated neurophysiological changes, characterized by reduced slow-wave power and asymmetry, increased alpha power, and functional connectivity, indicated beneficial neuroplastic reorganization.<\/jats:p>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      <jats:bold>Clinical trial registration number:<\/jats:bold>\n                      China Clinical Trail Registry (ChiCTR2300074381; URL:\n                      <jats:ext-link xmlns:xlink=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/1999\/xlink\" ext-link-type=\"uri\" xlink:href=\"http:\/\/www.chictr.org.cn\">http:\/\/www.chictr.org.cn<\/jats:ext-link>\n                      ).\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1177\/15459683251412286","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,12]],"date-time":"2026-02-12T15:55:52Z","timestamp":1770911752000},"page":"278-290","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/sage-journals-update-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":4,"title":["Effect of Brain-Computer Interface-Controlled Ankle Robot Training on Post-Stroke Motor Rehabilitation and Resting QEEG Neuroplasticity: A Randomized Controlled Trial"],"prefix":"10.1177","volume":"40","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5650-4919","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Xiaoxue","family":"Zhai","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Rehabilitation Medicine, Beijing Tsinghua Changgung Hospital, School of Clinical Medicine, Tsinghua Medicine, Tsinghua University, Beijing, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7195-9476","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Zexuan","family":"Hao","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Electronic Engineering, Tsinghua University, Beijing, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0006-6465-3889","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Xingui","family":"Wang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Electronic Engineering, Tsinghua University, Beijing, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4340-7436","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Chong","family":"Li","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Clinical Medicine (BTCH), Tsinghua Medicine, Tsinghua University, Beijing, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yingyu","family":"Cao","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Beijing Key Laboratory of Optoelectromechanical Equipment Technology, Beijing Institute of Petrochemical Technology, Beijing, 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