{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,10]],"date-time":"2026-09-10T05:31:33Z","timestamp":1789018293833,"version":"build-2803163510"},"reference-count":56,"publisher":"SAGE Publications","issue":"8","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,14]],"date-time":"2026-05-14T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1778716800000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/page\/policies\/text-and-data-mining-license"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["journals.sagepub.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Neurorehabil Neural Repair"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,8]]},"abstract":"<jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Background<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Peripheral inflammatory markers may serve as indicators of cognitive impairment and depression after ischemic stroke. Post-stroke cognitive impairment hinders rehabilitation and quality of life. Transcranial direct current stimulation (tDCS) is a promising non-invasive intervention, but its link to inflammatory changes and clinical improvement remains unclear.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Objective<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>To evaluate tDCS effects on cognition and depression in stroke patients, and to examine if inflammatory marker changes underlie these effects.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Sixty patients were randomized to an experimental group (EG, n\u2009=\u200930) receiving active tDCS (2\u2009mA, 20\u2009minutes\/day over affected dorsolateral prefrontal cortex) or a control group (CG, n\u2009=\u200930) receiving sham stimulation, alongside standard rehabilitation for 4\u2009weeks. Serum interleukin-1\u03b2 ( IL-1\u03b2), interleukin-6 (IL-6), interleukin-10 (IL-10), and tumor necrosis factor-\u03b1 (TNF-\u03b1) levels were measured by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) pre- and post-intervention. Cognition and depression were assessed using Montreal Cognitive Assessment (MoCA) and Hamilton Depression Scale (HAMD).<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      Post-intervention, only the EG showed significant reductions in IL-6 and TNF-\u03b1 (both\n                      <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">P<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u2009&lt;\u2009.01), with no change in IL-1\u03b2 or IL-10 (\n                      <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">P<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u2009&gt;\u2009.05). The EG demonstrated greater improvement in MoCA and HAMD scores than the CG (\n                      <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">P<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u2009=\u2009.01 and .04). Changes in IL-6 (\u0394IL-6) and TNF-\u03b1 (\u0394TNF-\u03b1) predicted improvements in MoCA scores (\u0394MoCA,\n                      <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">R<\/jats:italic>\n                      <jats:sup>2<\/jats:sup>\n                      \u2009=\u2009.607,\n                      <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">P<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u2009&lt;\u2009.01). \u0394IL-6 and disease duration predicted improvements in HAMD scores (\u0394HAMD,\n                      <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">R<\/jats:italic>\n                      <jats:sup>2<\/jats:sup>\n                      \u2009=\u2009.501,\n                      <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">P<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u2009&lt;\u2009.01).\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusion<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>tDCS combined with conventional rehabilitation therapies may reduce pro-inflammatory cytokine levels and improve cognitive and depressive symptoms, supporting its potential application as an anti-inflammatory neurorehabilitation therapy.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Clinical Trial registration<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      Study on the mechanism of transcranial direct current stimulation in the intervention of working memory decline after stroke,\n                      <jats:ext-link xmlns:xlink=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/1999\/xlink\" ext-link-type=\"uri\" xlink:href=\"https:\/\/www.chictr.org.cn\/showproj.html?proj=208836\">https:\/\/www.chictr.org.cn\/showproj.html?proj=208836<\/jats:ext-link>\n                      , ChiCTR2300077242\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1177\/15459683261442186","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,14]],"date-time":"2026-05-14T13:42:02Z","timestamp":1778766122000},"page":"653-664","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/sage-journals-update-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["TDCS Modulates Inflammatory Markers to Improve Post-Stroke Cognitive Impairment and Depression: An Exploratory Randomized Trial"],"prefix":"10.1177","volume":"40","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0000-0995-5995","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jingjing","family":"Liu","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Clinical Medicine, Shanxi Medical University, Taiyuan, China"},{"name":"Department of Rehabilitation Medicine, The First Hospital of Shanxi Medical University, Taiyuan, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0006-2402-9037","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Wenyan","family":"Li","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Rehabilitation Medicine, The First Hospital of Shanxi Medical University, Taiyuan, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0009-1510-8392","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Wei","family":"Li","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Clinical Medicine, Shanxi Medical University, Taiyuan, China"},{"name":"Department of Rehabilitation Medicine, The First Hospital of Shanxi Medical University, Taiyuan, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0008-6131-0797","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Yiheng","family":"Ma","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Rehabilitation Medicine, The First Hospital of 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