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Analyses examined cortical thickness, subcortical volume, and white matter microstructural integrity using tract-based analysis.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Ageing and TBI were independently associated with reduced structural integrity in multiple regions. However, age moderated the effect of TBI on both fornix integrity and left thalamic volume, such that TBI-related reductions were present in adults in their 40s to 70s and 40s to 60s, respectively, but attenuated in the oldest age groups (80+ and 70+, respectively) relative to controls. Fornix and thalamic reductions correlated with poorer cognitive function, with the largest effects in verbal memory and processing speed.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>While TBI and ageing were independently associated with changes in brain structure, their interaction manifested distinctly in the bilateral fornix and left thalamus, with TBI-related structural losses in middle-age that diminished in later life as controls experienced typical age-related declines. In adults who received inpatient rehabilitation, moderate\u2013severe TBI may result in initial structural alterations that do not accelerate age-related declines or compound with ageing processes long-term. Age-dependent fornix and thalamic structural changes were strongly associated with cognitive performance, particularly in verbal memory and processing speed.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1177\/15459683261442198","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,15]],"date-time":"2026-05-15T23:31:32Z","timestamp":1778887892000},"page":"848-861","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/sage-journals-update-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["The Relationship Between Age, Brain Structure, and Cognition in Chronic Traumatic Brain Injury"],"prefix":"10.1177","volume":"40","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0863-6367","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Amber","family":"Ayton","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Monash-Epworth Rehabilitation Research Centre, School of Psychological Sciences, Monash University, Melbourne, VIC, Australia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jennie","family":"Ponsford","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Monash-Epworth Rehabilitation Research Centre, School of Psychological Sciences, Monash University, Melbourne, VIC, Australia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Amelia J.","family":"Hicks","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Monash-Epworth Rehabilitation Research Centre, School of Psychological Sciences, Monash University, Melbourne, VIC, Australia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Rachael","family":"Knott","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Monash-Epworth Rehabilitation Research Centre, School of Psychological Sciences, Monash University, Melbourne, VIC, Australia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Gavin","family":"Gan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Monash-Epworth Rehabilitation Research Centre, School of Psychological Sciences, Monash University, Melbourne, VIC, Australia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Gershon","family":"Spitz","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Monash-Epworth Rehabilitation Research Centre, School of Psychological Sciences, Monash University, Melbourne, VIC, Australia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"179","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,15]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_3_3_2_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3171\/2017.10.JNS17352"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_3_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/HTR.0000000000000012"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_4_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.nrl.2019.03.012"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_5_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1089\/neu.2011.2197"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_6_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1212\/01.wnl.0000304108.32283.aa"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_7_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/brain\/aws322"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_8_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fnhum.2014.00067"},{"issue":"4","key":"e_1_3_3_9_2","first-page":"409","article-title":"Negative neuroplasticity in chronic traumatic brain injury and implications for neurorehabilitation","volume":"24","author":"Tomaszczyk JC","year":"2014","unstructured":"Tomaszczyk JC, Green N, Frasca D, et al. 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