{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,23]],"date-time":"2026-10-23T21:43:45Z","timestamp":1792791825570,"version":"4.5.0"},"reference-count":39,"publisher":"SAGE Publications","issue":"11","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,8]],"date-time":"2026-06-08T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1780876800000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/page\/policies\/text-and-data-mining-license"}],"funder":[{"name":"National Institutes of Health","award":["R01HD113270"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["R01HD113270"]}]},{"name":"National Institutes of Health","award":["R01NS112942"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["R01NS112942"]}]},{"name":"NSF","award":["# 2145321"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["# 2145321"]}]},{"name":"National Institutes of Health","award":["R01NS099210"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["R01NS099210"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["journals.sagepub.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Neurorehabil Neural Repair"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,11]]},"abstract":"<jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Background:<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Abnormal muscle co-activation impairs arm function after stroke. Home-based myoelectric interface for neurorehabilitation (MINT) was developed to reduce abnormal co-activation.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Objective:<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Evaluate MINT feasibility and effects on arm activity in a single-blind, randomized, sham-controlled trial.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Methods:<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Moderately-to-severely impaired chronic stroke survivors were randomized to 1 of 3 MINT groups (who played customized games requiring independent activation of 2 or 3 abnormally co-activating muscles) or a sham control group (using 1 muscle). Participants trained 90\u2009minutes\/day, 6\u2009days\/week, switching upper-arm muscle sets every 2 to 3\u2009weeks. Feasibility was assessed using training time, repetitions, and motivation. The primary efficacy outcome was the change in Wolf Motor Function Test (WMFT) from baseline to week 6 in each MINT group compared to sham. Secondary outcomes included WMFT at week 10, WMFT subscores, Fugl\u2013Meyer, Modified Ashworth, Motor Activity Log, reaching kinematics, co-activation, and lesion location effects.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results:<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      Fifty-nine participants completed training (mean: 86\u2009\u00b1\u200921\u2009minutes\/day, 315\u2009\u00b1\u200985 repetitions\/day). The 3-muscle group improved WMFT by 6.8\u2009seconds at week 6 (95% confidence interval [2.1-11.6\u2009seconds],\n                      <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">P<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u2009=\u2009.001); other groups did not. Combined MINT groups improved by 4.1\u2009seconds ([1.4-6.8\u2009seconds],\n                      <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">P<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u2009=\u2009.0008). In per-protocol analysis, the 3-muscle group improved significantly more than sham on WMFT (7.5\u2009seconds; [0.1-14.9\u2009seconds],\n                      <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">P<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u2009=\u2009.046), shoulder\/elbow subscores, and kinematics. At week 10, all MINT groups improved significantly, unlike sham. Reduced co-activation correlated significantly with improved arm function and movement. Stroke involving the internal capsule negatively predicted MINT response. Other secondary outcomes showed no clinically important changes.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Discussion:<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>MINT conditioning is feasible, reduces co-activation, and improves arm movement and activity.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Clinical Trial Registration:<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>ClinicalTrials.gov (NCT03401762).<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1177\/15459683261454937","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,9]],"date-time":"2026-06-09T06:38:30Z","timestamp":1780987110000},"page":"953-965","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/sage-journals-update-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":2,"title":["Wearable Myoelectric Interface for Neurorehabilitation (MINT) to Recover Arm Activity After Stroke: A Randomized Controlled Trial"],"prefix":"10.1177","volume":"40","author":[{"given":"Abed","family":"Khorasani","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neurology, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Cynthia M.","family":"Gorski","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neurology, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0614-2849","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Na-Teng","family":"Hung","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neurology, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Joel","family":"Hulsizer","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neurology, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Vivek","family":"Paul","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neurology, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Goran","family":"Tomic","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neurology, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Prashanth R.","family":"Prakash","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neurology, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL, USA"},{"name":"Department of Biomedical Engineering, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Sangsoo","family":"Park","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neurology, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Gang","family":"Seo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Houston, TX, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ethan J.","family":"Houskamp","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neurology, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL, USA"},{"name":"Department of Biomedical Engineering, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jessica","family":"Lanis","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Physical and Occupational Therapy, Northwestern Medicine, Chicago, IL, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Megan","family":"Hunzeker","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Physical and Occupational Therapy, Northwestern Medicine, Chicago, IL, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3724-3845","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Erin","family":"King","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Physical and Occupational Therapy, Northwestern Medicine, Chicago, IL, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Anya","family":"Chappel","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Physical and Occupational Therapy, Northwestern Medicine, Chicago, IL, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Alix","family":"Jampol","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Physical and Occupational Therapy, Northwestern Medicine, Chicago, IL, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Pooja","family":"Patel","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Physical and Occupational Therapy, Northwestern Medicine, Chicago, IL, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Catherine","family":"Gallagher","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Physical and Occupational Therapy, Northwestern Medicine, Chicago, IL, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Rachel","family":"Galant","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Shirley Ryan AbilityLab, Chicago, IL, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Grace","family":"Rucker","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Shirley Ryan AbilityLab, Chicago, IL, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jungwha","family":"Lee","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Preventive Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Richard L.","family":"Harvey","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Shirley Ryan AbilityLab, Chicago, IL, USA"},{"name":"Department of Physical Medicine &amp; Rehabilitation, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jinsook","family":"Roh","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Houston, TX, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2269-7729","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Marc W.","family":"Slutzky","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neurology, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL, USA"},{"name":"Department of Biomedical Engineering, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL, USA"},{"name":"Shirley Ryan AbilityLab, Chicago, IL, USA"},{"name":"Department of Physical Medicine &amp; Rehabilitation, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL, USA"},{"name":"Department of Neuroscience, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"179","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,8]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_3_3_2_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s42466-020-00060-6"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_3_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1161\/01.STR.0000087172.16305.CD"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_4_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/ana.21393"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_5_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(21)00475-X"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_6_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S1474-4422(14)70160-7"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_7_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.15585\/mmwr.mm6720a2"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_8_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/jnnp-2018-319954"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_9_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/brain\/118.2.495"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_10_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/brain\/74.4.443"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_11_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/mus.20343"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_12_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/ptj\/63.9.1448"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_13_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0003-9993(95)80503-6"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_14_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/1545968313517751"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_15_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/1545968319834903"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_16_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s12984-022-01045-z"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_17_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Hirsch T Barthel M Aarts P et al. A first step toward the operationalization of the learned non-use phenomenon: a Delphi study. Neurorehabil Neural Repair. 2021;35(5):383-392. Accessed July 28 2025. https:\/\/pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/33703971\/","DOI":"10.1177\/1545968321999064"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_18_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1161\/STROKEAHA.118.023603"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_19_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1152\/jn.00670.2012"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_20_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/acn3.51442"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_21_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Sivan M O\u2019Connor RJ Makower S Levesley M Bhakta B. Systematic review of outcome measures used in the evaluation of robot-assisted upper limb exercise in stroke. J Rehabil Med. 2011;43(3):181-189. Accessed July 28 2025. https:\/\/pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/21305232\/","DOI":"10.2340\/16501977-0674"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_22_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-021-01805-2"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_23_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/00222895.2017.1423020"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_24_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41591-022-02202-6"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_25_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41591-023-02507-0"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_26_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(19)31055-4"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_27_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s12984-024-01305-0"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_28_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fnrgo.2022.1046695"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_29_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1525-1594.2005.29041.x"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_30_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1161\/01.STR.32.1.107"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_31_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1161\/STROKEAHA.117.018844"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_32_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/brain\/aws146"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_33_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/acn3.488"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_34_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1001\/jamaneurol.2019.1604"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_35_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s12984-016-0203-0"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_36_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pcbi.1000133"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_37_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/jnnp-2021-326948"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_38_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1044\/1092-4388(2008\/018)"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_39_2","first-page":"493","volume-title":"Motor Control and Learning: A Behavioral Emphasis","author":"Schmidt RA","year":"1999","unstructured":"Schmidt RA, Lee TD. Motor Control and Learning: A Behavioral Emphasis. 3rd ed. Human Kinetics; 1999:xvi, 493.","edition":"3"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_40_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1523\/JNEUROSCI.0265-21.2021"}],"container-title":["Neurorehabilitation and Neural Repair"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1177\/15459683261454937","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/doi\/full-xml\/10.1177\/15459683261454937","content-type":"application\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1177\/15459683261454937","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,17]],"date-time":"2026-10-17T23:18:18Z","timestamp":1792279098000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/doi\/10.1177\/15459683261454937"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,8]]},"references-count":39,"journal-issue":{"issue":"11","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,11]]}},"alternative-id":["10.1177\/15459683261454937"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/15459683261454937","relation":{},"ISSN":["1545-9683","1552-6844"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1545-9683","type":"print"},{"value":"1552-6844","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,8]]}}}