{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,18]],"date-time":"2026-10-18T05:41:22Z","timestamp":1792302082783,"version":"4.4.0"},"reference-count":87,"publisher":"SAGE Publications","issue":"11","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,15]],"date-time":"2026-06-15T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1781481600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,15]],"date-time":"2026-06-15T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1781481600000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/page\/policies\/text-and-data-mining-license"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100005191","name":"Craig H. Neilsen Foundation","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["734056"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["734056"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100005191","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001804","name":"Canada Research Chairs","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["CRC-2020-00193"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["CRC-2020-00193"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001804","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["journals.sagepub.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Neurorehabil Neural Repair"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,11]]},"abstract":"<jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Introduction:<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Individuals with motor incomplete spinal cord injury (iSCI) have difficulty eliciting reactive steps when balance is lost, increasing fall risk. Functional electrical stimulation (FES) applied to the common fibular nerve elicits a flexor withdrawal response, potentially assisting reactive stepping. Combining reactive balance training with FES (Reactive Balance Training [RBT]\u2009+\u2009FES) may enhance reactive balance control. This study compared the efficacy of RBT\u2009+\u2009FES to RBT alone in individuals with chronic, motor iSCI.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Methods:<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Twenty-two individuals (63.9\u2009\u00b1\u200914.8\u2009years; 3.8\u2009\u00b1\u20092.8\u2009years post-injury) were randomly assigned to RBT\u2009+\u2009FES or RBT alone. They completed 18 1-hour training sessions over 6\u2009weeks. Outcome measures were assessed pre-, immediately post- and 6\u2009months post-intervention, and included the behavioural response of the Lean-and-Release test (single-step, 2-step, \u22653-step, or fall) and clinical measures of balance, balance confidence, fall concern, lower limb strength, and proprioception of the ankle. A 2-way mixed analysis of variance assessed group differences over time. Fall incidence was monitored via an online survey for 6\u2009months following training.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results:<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      Significant improvements over time were observed for single-step and fall responses during the Lean-and-Release test, and on all clinical outcomes (\n                      <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">P<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u2009\u2264\u2009.01) with the exception of ankle proprioception. No significant group or group\u2009\u00d7\u2009time interactions were found, suggesting similar improvements between groups. There were no significant between-group differences in fall tracking data.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Discussion:<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Both RBT\u2009+\u2009FES and RBT alone led to significant improvements in reactive stepping ability, balance control, balance confidence, fall concern, and lower limb strength. However, the FES protocol applied in this study did not provide additional benefit.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1177\/15459683261454942","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,15]],"date-time":"2026-06-15T07:25:25Z","timestamp":1781508325000},"page":"917-930","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/sage-journals-update-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Functional Electrical Stimulation Combined With Reactive Balance Training for Individuals With Incomplete Spinal Cord Injury: A Randomised Clinical Trial"],"prefix":"10.1177","volume":"40","author":[{"given":"Matthew G.","family":"Heffernan","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Rehabilitation Sciences Institute, Temerty Faculty of Medicine, University of Toronto, ON, Canada"},{"name":"KITE Research Institute, Toronto Rehabilitation Institute, University Health Network, ON, Canada"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Katherine","family":"Chan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"KITE Research Institute, Toronto Rehabilitation Institute, University Health Network, ON, Canada"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jonguk","family":"Lee","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"KITE Research Institute, Toronto Rehabilitation Institute, University Health Network, ON, Canada"},{"name":"Institute of Biomedical Engineering, University of Toronto, ON, Canada"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Lovisa","family":"Cheung","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Rehabilitation Sciences Institute, Temerty Faculty of Medicine, University of Toronto, ON, Canada"},{"name":"KITE Research Institute, Toronto Rehabilitation Institute, University Health Network, ON, Canada"},{"name":"Department of Physical Therapy, Temerty Faculty of Medicine, University of Toronto, ON, Canada"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Elizabeth L.","family":"Inness","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Rehabilitation Sciences Institute, Temerty Faculty of Medicine, University of Toronto, ON, Canada"},{"name":"KITE Research Institute, Toronto Rehabilitation Institute, University Health Network, ON, Canada"},{"name":"Department of Physical Therapy, Temerty Faculty of Medicine, University of Toronto, ON, Canada"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0207-3241","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Kei","family":"Masani","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"KITE Research Institute, Toronto Rehabilitation Institute, University Health Network, ON, Canada"},{"name":"Institute of Biomedical Engineering, University of Toronto, ON, Canada"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8336-8211","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Kristin E.","family":"Musselman","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"KITE Research Institute, Toronto Rehabilitation Institute, University Health Network, ON, Canada"},{"name":"Department of Physical Therapy, Temerty Faculty of Medicine, University of Toronto, ON, Canada"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"179","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,15]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_3_2_2_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41393-019-0274-4"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_3_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s12984-022-01117-0"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_4_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s12984-022-01013-7"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_5_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fneur.2023.1146094"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_6_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/sj.sc.3101909"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_7_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.apmr.2004.01.017"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_8_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fresc.2022.903097"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_9_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41394-018-0072-9"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_10_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/bmjopen-2020-039763"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_11_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/ptj\/77.5.488"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_12_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2522\/ptj.20130260"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_13_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41393-019-0332-y"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_14_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/10790268.2023.2175575"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_15_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.apmr.2024.07.013"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_16_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/ptj\/pzy153"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_17_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fneur.2021.620367"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_18_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2522\/ptj.20140090"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_19_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2522\/ptj.20100212"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_20_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/bmjopen-2018-021510"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_21_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jstrokecerebrovasdis.2017.04.041"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_22_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/1545968310376057"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_23_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/1545968314537559"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_24_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/ggi.13082"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_25_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/1545968320929681"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_26_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.apmr.2020.09.072"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_27_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s00421-010-1502-y"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_28_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.apmr.2004.02.015"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_29_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-031-08995-4_19"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_30_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0003-9993(99)90333-7"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_31_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/1545968309347681"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_32_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41394-023-00568-4"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_33_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1053\/apmr.2001.23752"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_34_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s00221-011-2607-1"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_35_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/1545968309349939"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_36_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.46292\/sci23-00021S"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_37_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/10790268.2021.1970898"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_38_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/sj.sc.3101223"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_39_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/1545968309341059"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_40_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fneur.2020.00680"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_41_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.gaitpost.2013.08.013"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_42_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2522\/ptj.20130603"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_43_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/10790268.2020.1847562"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_44_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3138\/ptc.41.6.304"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_45_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.apmr.2017.10.003"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_46_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/09593985.2019.1622161"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_47_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/10790268.2019.1647930"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_48_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/ptj\/pzx030"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_49_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1179\/2045772313Y.0000000101"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_50_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1682\/jrrd.2005.11.0172"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_51_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/sj.sc.3100646"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_52_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.46292\/sci2702-1"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_53_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/1545968315573055"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_54_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/jnnp.73.5.473"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_55_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neulet.2017.02.001"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_56_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1152\/jn.00842.2018"},{"issue":"1","key":"e_1_3_2_57_2","article-title":"The activities-specific balance confidence (ABC) scale","volume":"50","author":"Powell LE","year":"1995","unstructured":"Powell LE, Myers AM. The activities-specific balance confidence (ABC) scale. J Gerontol Ser Biol Sci Med Sci. 1995;50(1):M28-M34.","journal-title":"J Gerontol Ser Biol Sci Med Sci"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_58_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/10790268.2017.1369212"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_59_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/ageing\/afi196"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_60_2","unstructured":"World Health Organization. Violence and Injury Prevention. 2020. Accessed 26 September 2025. https:\/\/www.who.int\/violence_injury_prevention\/other_injury\/falls\/en\/"},{"issue":"1","key":"e_1_3_2_61_2","article-title":"The incidence, causes, and consequences of falls in the subacute phase of spinal cord injury","volume":"42","author":"Habib Perez O","year":"2019","unstructured":"Habib Perez O, Dawe J, Marinho Buzelli A, Singh H, Musselman KE. The incidence, causes, and consequences of falls in the subacute phase of spinal cord injury. J Spinal Cord Med. 2019;42(1):S282-S283.","journal-title":"J Spinal Cord Med"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_62_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/sim.9843"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_63_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/1545968307301880"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_64_2","unstructured":"Pei Z (William). Investigating the Orthotic and Acute Therapeutic Effects of a Novel Upright Balance Therapy for Individuals with ISCI and Developing a New Clinical Version. Master of Applied Science thesis. University of Toronto; 2023. Accessed 26 September 2025. http:\/\/hdl.handle.net\/1807\/130520"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_65_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1044\/1092-4388(2008\/018)"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_66_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/aor.14902"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_67_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1525-1403.2012.00488.x"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_68_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/00004356-199406000-00007"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_69_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/sj.sc.3100355"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_70_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fphys.2019.01459"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_71_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1310\/sci1801-28"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_72_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/sj.sc.3101774"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_73_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/01.NPT.0000282576.11910.6f"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_74_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.apmr.2003.06.002"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_75_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s12938-020-00824-w"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_76_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fnhum.2013.00823"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_77_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0361-9230(99)00182-3"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_78_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1249\/00003677-200607000-00006"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_79_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neubiorev.2015.08.014"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_80_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1460-9568.2006.04726.x"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_81_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.brainresbull.2013.12.008"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_82_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fnins.2021.660123"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_83_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s13311-016-0421-y"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_84_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fresc.2022.995244"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_85_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/sc.2017.74"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_86_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jphys.2016.02.013"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_87_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/sj.sc.3101822"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_88_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.46292\/sci21-00065"}],"container-title":["Neurorehabilitation and Neural Repair"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1177\/15459683261454942","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/doi\/full-xml\/10.1177\/15459683261454942","content-type":"application\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1177\/15459683261454942","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,18]],"date-time":"2026-10-18T05:16:41Z","timestamp":1792300601000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/doi\/10.1177\/15459683261454942"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,15]]},"references-count":87,"journal-issue":{"issue":"11","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,11]]}},"alternative-id":["10.1177\/15459683261454942"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/15459683261454942","relation":{},"ISSN":["1545-9683","1552-6844"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1545-9683","type":"print"},{"value":"1552-6844","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,15]]}}}