{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,2]],"date-time":"2026-09-02T12:22:46Z","timestamp":1788351766344,"version":"build-2803163510"},"reference-count":33,"publisher":"SAGE Publications","issue":"9","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,21]],"date-time":"2026-07-21T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1784592000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,21]],"date-time":"2026-07-21T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1784592000000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/page\/policies\/text-and-data-mining-license"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100006937","name":"National Center for Medical Rehabilitation Research","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["R01 HD40984"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["R01 HD40984"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100006937","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["journals.sagepub.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Neurorehabil Neural Repair"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,9]]},"abstract":"<jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Background:<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Steven Wolf made an exceptional effort to design, organize, and conduct a study of the biology of constraint induced movement therapy (CIMT) but only the transcranial magnetic stimulation results have been published previously.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Objective:<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>To evaluate changes in motor-task related brain activation and their relationship to functional recovery in participants with stroke undergoing CIMT during the subacute and chronic periods.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Methods:<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Participants with hemiparetic stroke (n\u2009=\u200942) underwent fMRI of a hand task at baseline, immediately after a 2-week intervention or waiting period, and 4\u2009months later, with effort or rate controlled at each timepoint. Functional outcome was assessed via the Wolf Motor Function Test (WMFT). Functional images were analyzed at the individual and group level.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results:<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Significant improvement in WMFT occurred in the intervention groups. Group-level changes in task-related activation over time were not significant. However, across all participants, increased WMFT task speed correlated significantly with increased ipsilesional M1 activation. No significant difference between activation changes were noted between any groups.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusions:<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Despite meaningful functional gains, longitudinal changes in cortical activation were limited when controlled for rate or effort, yet individual recovery was significantly associated with preserved or increased activation in the affected primary motor cortex. These results suggest that post-stroke motor recovery may reflect changes in how effort to move activates the stroke-affected motor cortex and more distal changes in response to motor cortical activation. Multi-site fMRI in stroke rehabilitation trials remains challenging, with strong control and monitoring of task performance needed.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1177\/15459683261464076","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,22]],"date-time":"2026-07-22T01:23:54Z","timestamp":1784683434000},"page":"807-814","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/sage-journals-update-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Correlation of Motor-Task Related Brain Activation Changes With Motor Performance Changes Induced by Constraint-Induced Therapy After Stroke"],"prefix":"10.1177","volume":"40","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5603-1197","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"George F.","family":"Wittenberg","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Wake Forest University SOM, Department of Neurology, Program in Rehabilitation, Winston-Salem, NC, USA"},{"name":"University of Pittsburgh SOM, Departments of Neurology, Physical Medicine &amp; Rehabilitation, and Bioengineering, Pittsburgh, PA"},{"name":"TECH-GRECC, HERL, VA Pittsburgh Healthcare System, Pittsburgh, PA, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Xiaoyan","family":"Leng","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Wake Forest University SOM, Departments of Biostatistics and Data Science, Public Health Sciences, Winston-Salem, NC, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3869-9120","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Andrew J.","family":"Butler","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Emory University, School of Medicine, Department of Rehabilitation Medicine, Atlanta, GA, USA"},{"name":"University of Alabama, School of Health Professions and Department of Physical Therapy, Birmingham, AL, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Krishnankutty","family":"Sathian","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Emory University, School of Medicine, Department of Neurology, Atlanta, GA, USA"},{"name":"Atlanta VAMC Rehabilitation R&amp;D Center of Excellence in Rehabilitation of Aging Veterans with Vision Loss, Decatur, GA"},{"name":"PennState College of Medicine, Neuroscience Institute, Departments of Neurology, Neuroscience and Experimental Therapeutics, Hershey, PA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"179","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,21]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_3_3_2_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.296.17.2095"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_3_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1161\/STROKEAHA.110.588723"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_4_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/1545968308317531"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_5_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3233\/NRE-141132"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_6_2","first-page":"187","article-title":"Reorganization of the executive motor system after stroke","volume":"7","author":"Dettmers C","year":"1996","unstructured":"Dettmers C, Stephan KM, Lemon RN. 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