{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,30]],"date-time":"2026-04-30T17:53:07Z","timestamp":1777571587484,"version":"3.51.4"},"reference-count":44,"publisher":"SAGE Publications","issue":"5","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2019,1,14]],"date-time":"2019-01-14T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1547424000000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/page\/policies\/text-and-data-mining-license"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["journals.sagepub.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Clin EEG Neurosci"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2019,9]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>\n                    There is an emerging belief that electrically elicited blink reflexes (BR) may distinguish Alzheimer\u2019s disease (AD) from other disorders characterized by memory dysfunction. To qualitatively and quantitatively distinguish the effects that electrical stimulation has over the blink reflex (eBR) recorded from patients with AD and healthy controls (HCs), we did a systematic review of the literature, and conducted a meta-analysis. Following our selected criteria, 94 AD patients and 97 HCs were identified from articles published in English between 1950 and 2017. Although the 3 responses (R1, R2 and R3) of the eBR were studied in a number of patients, only the R2 response was quantified in all studies. Thresholds and stimulation intensities parameters were found to be used in a miscellaneous form, and the majority of times, such parameters deviated from validated guidelines. The stimulation frequencies used to elicit the BR responses ranged between 0.14 and 0.2 Hz. These frequencies favored HCs compared with AD patients (odds ratio = 1.08; 95% CI = 0.30-1.85), I\n                    <jats:sup>2<\/jats:sup>\n                    = 0% [ P = .99]; Q = 271.89 [ df = 7, P &lt; .000]). Egger\u2019s regression test suggested publication bias (intercept = 32.38; 95% CI = \u22128.98 to \u22123.2; P = .001). Our results unveiled key shortcomings in the data reported; such shortcomings need to be corrected in future AD research looking for obtaining more reliable and reproducible eBR studies; otherwise, interventions may be misleading.\n                  <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1177\/1550059418825169","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2019,1,15]],"date-time":"2019-01-15T02:17:18Z","timestamp":1547518638000},"page":"354-360","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/sage-journals-update-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":3,"title":["The Three Nociceptive Responses of the Orbicularis Oculi Reflex in Alzheimer\u2019s Disease: State of the Evidence and Meta-analysis"],"prefix":"10.1177","volume":"50","author":[{"given":"Juan S.","family":"Leon-Ariza","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Medicine, Universidad de La Sabana, Ch\u00eda, Colombia"},{"name":"Mediciencias Research Group, Unicolciencias\/Universidad Nacional, Bogota, Colombia"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Diddier G.","family":"Prada","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Universidad Nacional Aut\u00f3noma de M\u00e9xico\u2013UNAM, Mexico City, Mexico"},{"name":"Unidad de Investigaci\u00f3n Biom\u00e9dica en C\u00e1ncer, Instituto Nacional de Cancerolog\u00eda, Mexico City, Mexico"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Daniel S.","family":"Leon-Ariza","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Mediciencias Research Group, Unicolciencias\/Universidad Nacional, Bogota, Colombia"},{"name":"School of Medicine, Universidad de Santander\u2013UDES, Bucaramanga, Colombia"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Camilo","family":"Castillo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neurological Surgery, University of Louisville, Louisville, KY, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Fidias E.","family":"Leon-Sarmiento","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Mediciencias Research Group, Unicolciencias\/Universidad Nacional, Bogota, Colombia"},{"name":"Smell and Taste Center, Department of Otorhinolaryngology: Head and Neck Surgery, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"179","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2019,1,14]]},"reference":[{"key":"bibr1-1550059418825169","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/B978-0-444-52903-9.00021-2"},{"key":"bibr2-1550059418825169","first-page":"318","volume":"68","author":"Le\u00f3n-Sarmiento FE","year":"2008","journal-title":"Medicina (B 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