{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,24]],"date-time":"2026-06-24T13:58:57Z","timestamp":1782309537451,"version":"3.54.5"},"reference-count":46,"publisher":"SAGE Publications","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,9,24]],"date-time":"2021-09-24T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1632441600000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/page\/policies\/text-and-data-mining-license"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["journals.sagepub.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Clin EEG Neurosci"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2022,1]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>Introduction and aim: A proportion of patients diagnosed with genetic generalized epilepsy (GGE) experience eye-closure sensitivity (ECS), the underlying pathogenesis of which is unknown. In this study, we compare magnetic resonance spectroscopy (MRS) findings of healthy volunteers with patients diagnosed with GGE, with and without ECS, to detect possible explanatory differences between groups. Materials and methods: A total of 33 patients diagnosed with GGE: 17 with ECS and 16 without, and 12 healthy volunteers are included. MRS measurements of N-acetyl-aspartate (NAA), choline (Cho), and creatine (Cr) were made of bilateral occipital lobes and thalamus, and values of patients with GGE were compared with those of normal controls, and within subgroups with different clinical variables, using appropriate statistical tests. Results: Left occipital NAA and NAA\/Cr levels were found to be significantly higher in the ECS group than in the control group. In the ECS epilepsy group, a significant moderate positive correlation was noted between left thalamic Cr and duration of drug therapy ( r\u2009=\u2009.539, P\u2009=\u2009.047) and left thalamic Cr and age at epilepsy onset ( r\u2009=\u2009.564, P\u2009=\u2009.036). Additionally, left thalamic NAA and NAA\/Cr levels were observed to be lower in GGE patients compared to healthy subjects, although not to a statistically significant degree. Conclusion:The differences in MRS-measurable metabolites in the left occipital lobe in those with ECS epilepsy suggest an association between the ECS mechanism and the left occipital lobe. Our results also support the multifocal thalamocortical pathway disorder in the pathophysiology of GGE based on the observation of cellular dysfunction in the thalamus.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1177\/15500594211040953","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,9,24]],"date-time":"2021-09-24T12:40:24Z","timestamp":1632487224000},"page":"45-53","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/sage-journals-update-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":4,"title":["Investigation of Patients With Eye Closure Sensitive Epilepsy With Magnetic Resonance Spectroscopy"],"prefix":"10.1177","volume":"53","author":[{"given":"Feyza","family":"Y\u0131ld\u0131r\u0131m","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"University of Health Sciences, Umraniye Training and Research Hospital, \u0130stanbul, Turkey"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6648-690X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Zeynep","family":"Aydin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"University of Health Sciences, Umraniye Training and Research Hospital, \u0130stanbul, Turkey"},{"name":"Beykent University, \u0130stanbul, Turkey"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Zakir","family":"Sakc\u0131","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"University of Health Sciences, Umraniye Training and Research Hospital, \u0130stanbul, Turkey"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ays\u00b8e Dest\u00een\u00e2","family":"Yal\u00e7\u0131n","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"University of Health Sciences, Umraniye Training and Research Hospital, \u0130stanbul, Turkey"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"179","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,9,24]]},"reference":[{"key":"bibr1-15500594211040953","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1528-1167.2010.02522.x"},{"key":"bibr2-15500594211040953","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/epi.13709"},{"key":"bibr3-15500594211040953","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/epi.13671"},{"key":"bibr4-15500594211040953","volume-title":"Atlas of Electroencephalography","volume":"2","author":"Gibbs FA","year":"1952","edition":"2"},{"key":"bibr5-15500594211040953","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0920-1211(96)00037-X"},{"key":"bibr6-15500594211040953","first-page":"77","volume-title":"Eyelid Myoclonia with Absences","author":"Duncan JS","year":"1996"},{"key":"bibr7-15500594211040953","unstructured":"Jeavons PM, Hardings GFA. Photosensitive Epilepsy. Clinics in Developmental Medicine No. 56. 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University of Aston in Birmingham; 1972."},{"key":"bibr29-15500594211040953","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1212\/WNL.40.6.985"},{"key":"bibr30-15500594211040953","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/mrm.1910340511"},{"key":"bibr31-15500594211040953","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0301-0082(95)00014-M"},{"key":"bibr32-15500594211040953","first-page":"1190","volume":"156","author":"Hugg JW","year":"1996","journal-title":"Ann Neurol"},{"key":"bibr33-15500594211040953","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.eplepsyres.2007.03.001"},{"key":"bibr34-15500594211040953","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1053\/seiz.1999.0267"},{"key":"bibr35-15500594211040953","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.seizure.2007.02.017"},{"key":"bibr36-15500594211040953","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/00029330-200809010-00007"},{"key":"bibr37-15500594211040953","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.seizure.2013.07.008"},{"key":"bibr38-15500594211040953","first-page":"523","volume":"43","author":"Panayiotopoulos CP","year":"1977","journal-title":"Electroencephalogr Clin Neurophysiol"},{"key":"bibr39-15500594211040953","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.seizure.2006.09.004"},{"key":"bibr40-15500594211040953","first-page":"251","volume-title":"Advances in Epileptology","author":"Kohno C","year":"1987"},{"key":"bibr41-15500594211040953","first-page":"181","volume-title":"Reflex seizure and Reflex Epilepsies","author":"Gobbi G","year":"1989"},{"key":"bibr42-15500594211040953","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.eplepsyres.2016.11.012"},{"key":"bibr43-15500594211040953","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.seizure.2017.04.001"},{"key":"bibr44-15500594211040953","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.0013-9580.2004.451006.x"},{"key":"bibr45-15500594211040953","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1528-1157.1995.tb01631.x"},{"key":"bibr46-15500594211040953","first-page":"786","volume":"34","author":"Wada JA","year":"1973","journal-title":"Electroencephalogr Clin Neurophysiol"}],"container-title":["Clinical EEG and Neuroscience"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1177\/15500594211040953","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/doi\/full-xml\/10.1177\/15500594211040953","content-type":"application\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1177\/15500594211040953","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,28]],"date-time":"2026-04-28T19:14:01Z","timestamp":1777403641000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/doi\/10.1177\/15500594211040953"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2021,9,24]]},"references-count":46,"journal-issue":{"issue":"1","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2022,1]]}},"alternative-id":["10.1177\/15500594211040953"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/15500594211040953","relation":{},"ISSN":["1550-0594","2169-5202"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1550-0594","type":"print"},{"value":"2169-5202","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2021,9,24]]}}}