{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,3]],"date-time":"2026-06-03T19:51:03Z","timestamp":1780516263903,"version":"3.54.1"},"reference-count":53,"publisher":"SAGE Publications","issue":"4","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,5,15]],"date-time":"2024-05-15T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1715731200000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/page\/policies\/text-and-data-mining-license"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001848","name":"Indian Council of Social Science Research","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["ICSSR file no. 3-80\/ 17-18\/PDF\/GEN"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["ICSSR file no. 3-80\/ 17-18\/PDF\/GEN"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001848","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["journals.sagepub.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Clin EEG Neurosci"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2024,7]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>Background. EEG is an effective tool due to its ability to capture and interpret the changes in brain activity under different situations. Quantitative EEG (qEEG) can be essential in evaluating and treating children's learning problems. Methods and procedure. Fifty school-going children with difficulty in learning were studied. Analysis of the difference between pre-intervention and postintervention EEG power ratio of frequency bands, including Theta to Beta and Theta to Alpha, while eyes-closed, eyes-open, hyperventilation, writing, and reading conditions and the values for relative powers were calculated. The study correlated postintervention theta\/beta ratio (TBR) and theta\/alpha ratio (TAR) values with behavioral measures. Results. The findings suggested that there was a significant difference in pre-intervention and postintervention relative TAR and TBR power values. A significant increase of TAR and TBR power values was observed in eyes-closed (resting), hyperventilation, writing, and reading task conditions, indicative of a state of arousal at FP1FP2, T3T4, and O1O2 scalp locations. During eye open conditions, the TAR and TBR were significantly low at all 3 scalp locations, indicating a relaxed, conscious, and aware state of mind. Postintervention TAR and TBR values were significantly correlated with behavioral measures during 5 task conditions on several scalp locations. Conclusion. These quantitative electroencephalogram findings in children with learning problems indicate that with the increased complexity of the cognitive tasks, TAR and TBR increase, while postintervention, children could attain a relaxed and conscious state of mind during eyes-open condition.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1177\/15500594241252483","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,5,16]],"date-time":"2024-05-16T01:33:35Z","timestamp":1715823215000},"page":"426-444","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/sage-journals-update-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":7,"title":["Remediation of Learning Difficulty Utilizing School-Based Cognitive Behavioral Intervention Measured by EEG Theta-Alpha and Theta-Beta Ratio During Resting and Cognitive Task Performance Conditions"],"prefix":"10.1177","volume":"55","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5109-2660","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Pratima","family":"Kaushik","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Applied Psychology, University of Delhi, New Delhi, India"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Pranav Kumar","family":"Shrivastava","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Indian Institute of Technology Delhi, New Delhi, India"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"179","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,5,15]]},"reference":[{"key":"bibr1-15500594241252483","unstructured":"Fonseca V. Cogni\u00e7\u00e3o, neuropsicologia e aprendizagem: abordagem neuropsicol\u00f3gica e psicopedag\u00f3gica. Editora Vozes; 2008:1-83."},{"key":"bibr2-15500594241252483","volume-title":"El desarrollo neurops\u00edquico y su evoluaci\u00f3n","author":"Rebollo MA"},{"key":"bibr3-15500594241252483","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0115549"},{"key":"bibr4-15500594241252483","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bandc.2012.04.008"},{"key":"bibr5-15500594241252483","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1017\/S1355617709090900"},{"key":"bibr6-15500594241252483","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/15500594221147158"},{"key":"bibr7-15500594241252483","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1590\/0004-282x-anp-2020-0503"},{"key":"bibr8-15500594241252483","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0283863"},{"key":"bibr9-15500594241252483","first-page":"75","volume":"17","author":"Wen TE","year":"2020","journal-title":"Indones J Electr Eng Comput Sci"},{"key":"bibr10-15500594241252483","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/brb3.3173"},{"key":"bibr11-15500594241252483","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biopsycho.2016.09.008"},{"key":"bibr12-15500594241252483","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/nyas.14180"},{"key":"bibr13-15500594241252483","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/1550059419895142"},{"key":"bibr14-15500594241252483","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3109\/00207459008986630"},{"key":"bibr15-15500594241252483","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/00004691-200307000-00007"},{"key":"bibr16-15500594241252483","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1176\/jnp.13.2.171"},{"key":"bibr17-15500594241252483","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/155005940203300405"},{"key":"bibr18-15500594241252483","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1590\/S0004-282X2006000300005"},{"key":"bibr19-15500594241252483","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuroimage.2010.10.002"},{"key":"bibr20-15500594241252483","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/1550059415612622"},{"key":"bibr21-15500594241252483","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s00787-016-0920-8"},{"key":"bibr22-15500594241252483","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/155005949802900111"},{"key":"bibr23-15500594241252483","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.clinph.2010.04.022"},{"key":"bibr24-15500594241252483","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuroimage.2005.04.014"},{"key":"bibr25-15500594241252483","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s10648-010-9130-y"},{"key":"bibr26-15500594241252483","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijpsycho.2013.10.013"},{"key":"bibr27-15500594241252483","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biopsycho.2018.11.003"},{"key":"bibr28-15500594241252483","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.brs.2016.04.011"},{"key":"bibr29-15500594241252483","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3758\/s13415-013-0238-7"},{"key":"bibr30-15500594241252483","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/02699931.2013.860889"},{"key":"bibr31-15500594241252483","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biopsycho.2018.05.006"},{"key":"bibr32-15500594241252483","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1207\/s15326985ep2501_2"},{"issue":"4","key":"bibr33-15500594241252483","first-page":"1343","volume":"7","author":"Meltzer L","year":"2018","journal-title":"Examiner"},{"issue":"3","key":"bibr34-15500594241252483","first-page":"33","volume":"34","author":"Kaushik P","year":"2019","journal-title":"Perspe Soc Work"},{"key":"bibr35-15500594241252483","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuroimage.2007.07.011"},{"issue":"1","key":"bibr36-15500594241252483","first-page":"73","volume":"6","author":"Kellam SG","year":"2011","journal-title":"Addic Sci Clini Prac"},{"key":"bibr37-15500594241252483","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/dev.21336"},{"key":"bibr38-15500594241252483","unstructured":"Raven JC. Guide to progressive matrices (1938). H. K. Lewis & Co. Ltd; 1993."},{"key":"bibr39-15500594241252483","first-page":"197","volume-title":"Sixth survey of educational research","author":"Swarup S","year":"1993"},{"key":"bibr40-15500594241252483","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.4135\/9780857020123"},{"key":"bibr41-15500594241252483","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/10691898.2011.11889611"},{"key":"bibr42-15500594241252483","first-page":"15","volume":"4","author":"Malin A","year":"1971","journal-title":"Indian J Mental Retard"},{"key":"bibr43-15500594241252483","volume-title":"The Bender-Gestalt test for young children","author":"Koppitz EM","year":"1964"},{"key":"bibr44-15500594241252483","volume-title":"Problem behavioural checklist","author":"Veeraraghavan V","year":"2005"},{"issue":"4","key":"bibr45-15500594241252483","first-page":"172","volume":"14","author":"Kaushik P","year":"2021","journal-title":"Int J Behav Sci"},{"key":"bibr46-15500594241252483","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1037\/1528-3542.7.2.336"},{"key":"bibr47-15500594241252483","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/acp.1765"},{"key":"bibr48-15500594241252483","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.braindev.2012.02.013"},{"key":"bibr49-15500594241252483","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/cercor\/bhu305"},{"key":"bibr50-15500594241252483","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuroimage.2010.09.055"},{"key":"bibr51-15500594241252483","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1037\/a0025250"},{"key":"bibr52-15500594241252483","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/psyp.13274"},{"key":"bibr53-15500594241252483","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s11423-019-09681-4"}],"container-title":["Clinical EEG and Neuroscience"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1177\/15500594241252483","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/doi\/full-xml\/10.1177\/15500594241252483","content-type":"application\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1177\/15500594241252483","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,28]],"date-time":"2026-04-28T19:14:42Z","timestamp":1777403682000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/doi\/10.1177\/15500594241252483"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2024,5,15]]},"references-count":53,"journal-issue":{"issue":"4","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2024,7]]}},"alternative-id":["10.1177\/15500594241252483"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/15500594241252483","relation":{},"ISSN":["1550-0594","2169-5202"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1550-0594","type":"print"},{"value":"2169-5202","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2024,5,15]]}}}