{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,2]],"date-time":"2026-10-02T17:05:41Z","timestamp":1790960741855,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":27,"publisher":"SAGE Publications","issue":"2","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,9,30]],"date-time":"2025-09-30T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1759190400000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/page\/policies\/text-and-data-mining-license"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100016808","name":"Xiamen Natural Science Foundation","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","award":["3502Z20227149"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["3502Z20227149"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100016808","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"crossref"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["journals.sagepub.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Clin EEG Neurosci"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,3]]},"abstract":"\n Background<\/jats:title>\n Attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) is generally characterized as a neurodevelopmental disorder with age-specific cognitive deficits. Despite progressive symptoms, neurophysiological correlates of ADHD developmental trajectories remain underexplored. Event-related potentials (ERPs), previously showing ADHD-related abnormalities, offer a promising but underutilized method to investigate the dynamic changes of neurophysiology during ADHD development. This study aims to investigate age-specific abnormalities in auditory ERPs in children with ADHD and explore their implications for developmental cognitive deficits.<\/jats:p>\n <\/jats:sec>\n \n Methods<\/jats:title>\n A total of 631 medication-naive children with ADHD (4-15 years) and 109 age- and sex-matched typically developing controls were recruited. Participants were divided into five age groups (4\u20136, 7\u20138, 9\u201310, 11\u201313 and 14\u201315 years). Auditory ERPs (N100, P200, N200, P300) were recorded using the oddball paradigm at frontal (Fz), central (Cz), and parietal (Pz) midline electrodes. Group differences in component latencies and amplitudes were analyzed using corrected statistical tests.<\/jats:p>\n <\/jats:sec>\n \n Results<\/jats:title>\n \n Significant age-specific ERP abnormalities were observed: 4\u20136 years: Prolonged P200 latency at Fz (\n t<\/jats:italic>\n \u2009=\u20092.98, df\u2009=\u2009113,\n p<\/jats:italic>\n \u2009=\u20090.003, Cohen's\n d<\/jats:italic>\n \u2009=\u20090.47 [0.12-0.82]), Cz (\n t<\/jats:italic>\n \u2009=\u20092.18, df\u2009=\u2009113,\n p<\/jats:italic>\n \u2009=\u20090.034, Cohen's\n d<\/jats:italic>\n \u2009=\u20090.42 [0.05-0.79]), and Pz (\n t<\/jats:italic>\n \u2009=\u20092.25, df\u2009=\u2009113,\n p<\/jats:italic>\n \u2009=\u20090.028, Cohen's\n d<\/jats:italic>\n \u2009=\u20090.45 [0.08-0.82]) and P300 latency at Pz (\n t<\/jats:italic>\n \u2009=\u20092.51, df\u2009=\u2009113,\n p<\/jats:italic>\n \u2009=\u20090.013, Cohen's\n d<\/jats:italic>\n \u2009=\u20090.51 [0.14-0.88]) under target stimuli; reduced P200 amplitude at Cz (\n t<\/jats:italic>\n \u2009=\u2009\u22122.53, df\u2009=\u2009113,\n p<\/jats:italic>\n \u2009=\u20090.013, Cohen's\n d<\/jats:italic>\n \u2009=\u20090.63 [0.25-1.01]) and N100 amplitude at Pz (\n t<\/jats:italic>\n \u2009=\u2009\u22122.12, df\u2009=\u2009113,\n p<\/jats:italic>\n \u2009=\u20090.039, Cohen's\n d<\/jats:italic>\n \u2009=\u20090.59 [0.21-0.97]) under non-target stimuli. 7\u20138 years: Prolonged N100 latency at Fz (\n t<\/jats:italic>\n \u2009=\u20092.75, df\u2009=\u2009256,\n p<\/jats:italic>\n \u2009=\u20090.006, Cohen's\n d<\/jats:italic>\n \u2009=\u20090.56 [0.21-0.91]), Cz (\n t<\/jats:italic>\n \u2009=\u20092.82, df\u2009=\u2009256,\n p<\/jats:italic>\n \u2009=\u20090.005, Cohen's\n d<\/jats:italic>\n \u2009=\u20090.59 [0.24-0.94]), and Pz (\n t<\/jats:italic>\n \u2009=\u20092.91, df\u2009=\u2009256,\n p<\/jats:italic>\n \u2009=\u20090.004, Cohen's\n d<\/jats:italic>\n \u2009=\u20090.61 [0.26-0.96]) and N200 latency at Fz (\n t<\/jats:italic>\n \u2009=\u20092.52, df\u2009=\u2009256,\n p<\/jats:italic>\n \u2009=\u20090.010, Cohen's\n d<\/jats:italic>\n \u2009=\u20090.47 [0.12-0.82]), Cz (\n t<\/jats:italic>\n \u2009=\u20092.09, df\u2009=\u2009256,\n p<\/jats:italic>\n \u2009=\u20090.037, Cohen's\n d<\/jats:italic>\n \u2009=\u20090.42 [0.07-0.77]), and Pz (\n t<\/jats:italic>\n \u2009=\u20092.15, df\u2009=\u2009256,\n p<\/jats:italic>\n \u2009=\u20090.030, Cohen's\n d<\/jats:italic>\n \u2009=\u20090.44 [0.09-0.79]) under target stimuli. 9\u201310 years: Increased N100 amplitude at Pz (\n t<\/jats:italic>\n \u2009=\u20092.28, df\u2009=\u2009195,\n p<\/jats:italic>\n \u2009=\u20090.030, Cohen's\n d<\/jats:italic>\n \u2009=\u20090.53 [0.06-1.00]) under target stimuli; increased P200 amplitude at Fz (\n t<\/jats:italic>\n \u2009=\u20092.89, df\u2009=\u2009195,\n p<\/jats:italic>\n \u2009=\u20090.002, Cohen's\n d<\/jats:italic>\n \u2009=\u20090.67 [0.20-1.14]), Cz (\n t<\/jats:italic>\n \u2009=\u20092.06, df\u2009=\u2009195,\n p<\/jats:italic>\n \u2009=\u20090.042, Cohen's\n d<\/jats:italic>\n \u2009=\u20090.49 [0.02-0.96]), and Pz (\n t<\/jats:italic>\n \u2009=\u20092.28, df\u2009=\u2009195,\n p<\/jats:italic>\n \u2009=\u20090.030, Cohen's\n d<\/jats:italic>\n \u2009=\u20090.55 [0.08-1.02]) under non-target stimuli. 11\u201313 years: Prolonged P300 latency at Pz (\n t<\/jats:italic>\n \u2009=\u20092.45, df\u2009=\u2009129,\n p<\/jats:italic>\n \u2009=\u20090.016, Cohen's\n d<\/jats:italic>\n \u2009=\u20090.51 [0.13-0.89]) under target stimuli. 14\u201315 years: No significant differences in any ERP component (all\n p<\/jats:italic>\n \u2009>\u20090.05).\n <\/jats:p>\n <\/jats:sec>\n \n Conclusions<\/jats:title>\n ADHD children exhibit stage-specific ERP abnormalities, reflecting developmental deficits in inhibitory control (4-6 years), sensory attention allocation (7-8 years), irrelevant information filtering (9-10 years), and working memory maturation (11-13 years). These findings highlight the potential of ERPs as non-invasive biomarkers for age-tailored ADHD diagnosis and intervention.<\/jats:p>\n <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1177\/15500594251382654","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,9,30]],"date-time":"2025-09-30T17:56:48Z","timestamp":1759255008000},"page":"115-129","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/sage-journals-update-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["Age-Specific Auditory Event-Related Potential Abnormalities in Children with Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder: A Cross-Sectional Study"],"prefix":"10.1177","volume":"57","author":[{"given":"Weige","family":"Wu","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"First Affiliated Hospital of Jinan University"},{"name":"Fujian Medical University"},{"name":"Child and Adolescent Psychology Department, Xiamen Xianyue Hospital, Xianyue Hospital Affiliated with Xiamen Medical College, Fujian Psychiatric Center, Fujian Clinical Research Center 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