{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,7]],"date-time":"2026-10-07T15:53:34Z","timestamp":1791388414387,"version":"4.3.3"},"reference-count":31,"publisher":"SAGE Publications","issue":"6","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,4]],"date-time":"2026-02-04T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1770163200000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/page\/policies\/text-and-data-mining-license"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["journals.sagepub.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Clin EEG Neurosci"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,11]]},"abstract":"<jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Background<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Psychosocial stress\u2014particularly bullying\u2014has been recognized as a critical determinant of mental and neurophysiological health in children. Chronic stress exposure may disrupt cortical regulatory mechanisms detectable through quantitative electroencephalography (q-EEG).<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Objective<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>This study examined the correlation between perceived psychological stress, involvement in bullying, and q-EEG spectral anomalies among Indonesian school-aged children, seeking to determine if bullying-related stress generates unique neurophysiological patterns or indicates a general dysregulation of stress responses.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>A two-phase design was implemented. Phase I included 2781 8-13-year-olds who completed the PSS-10 and a validated bullying questionnaire. Using a Mitsar-EEG 201 equipment, Phase II selected 24 students with increased stress levels (PSS\u2009\u2265\u200927) for q-EEG examination. Electroencephalogram signals from 19 scalp sites were converted into z-scores using age-adjusted NeuroGuide database standards. Stress level and brain activity were correlated using Spearman's rho.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>The majority of subjects (23 out of 25; 95.8%) had EEG activity above \u00b12 standard deviations, especially in the temporal and prefrontal areas. There was a negative correlation between stress and temporal alpha power (r\u2009=\u2009-0.43, p\u2009=\u20090.028) and a positive correlation between stress with enhanced prefrontal high-beta power (r\u2009=\u20090.47, p\u2009=\u20090.021). Neurophysiological alterations among bullied children closely paralleled those under non-bullying stressors such as academic overload or family conflict.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusion<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Elevated stress intensity, regardless of its psychosocial origin, was associated with convergent cortical dysregulation patterns. These results suggest that q-EEG may be a viable non-invasive method for early stress-related neurophysiological dysfunction diagnosis and that pediatric populations require integrated emotional regulation therapies.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1177\/15500594251414823","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,4]],"date-time":"2026-02-04T17:56:42Z","timestamp":1770227802000},"page":"511-519","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/sage-journals-update-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["Stress-Related q-EEG Abnormalities in Indonesian School Children: Considering the Role of Bullying"],"prefix":"10.1177","volume":"57","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7798-0332","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Shirenda Rizka","family":"Maulia","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Universitas Airlangga"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Anwar","family":"Ma\u2019ruf","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Veterinary Medicine, Airlangga University"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4754-768X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ahmad","family":"Yudianto","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Airlangga University"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0369-0898","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Abdulloh","family":"Machin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Airlangga University"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Dian Eva","family":"Sanjaya","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neurology, Menur Mental Hospital, Surabaya, Indonesia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"179","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,4]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_3_3_2_2","volume-title":"Identifying and Addressing Bullying [Internet]","author":"Waseem M","year":"2023","unstructured":"Waseem M, Nickerson A. 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