{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,2]],"date-time":"2026-01-02T07:40:30Z","timestamp":1767339630610},"reference-count":34,"publisher":"SAGE Publications","issue":"10","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2016,10,1]],"date-time":"2016-10-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1475280000000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/page\/policies\/text-and-data-mining-license"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["journals.sagepub.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["International Journal of Distributed Sensor Networks"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2016,10]]},"abstract":"<jats:p> Several routing algorithms have been proposed for efficient routing in mobile ad hoc networks, most of them consider mobile nodes embedded in two-dimensional environments. However, in reality, these networks are embedded in three-dimensional environments. Usually, two-dimensional routing algorithms have several assumptions that are not valid for three-dimensional spaces. In this article, we propose four different randomized geographic-based routing algorithms that have the following properties: (1) nearly guaranteed delivery rate, by using randomize route to overcome local minimum problems; (2) low overhead, by extracting a virtual backbone of the network and then conducting the routing algorithms over the extracted backbone to decrease the search space; (3) low path dilation, by hybridizing the new algorithms with progress-based routing which have very low path dilation; and (4) works in three-dimensional environment. The first algorithm 3DRanDom chooses the next neighbor randomly from a dominating set of the network (extracted locally). The second algorithm 3DRanDomProb extracts a dominating set and sends to one of the resulted neighbors randomly with more probability for the nodes closer to the destination. The third algorithm G_3DRanDomProb tries to progress as much as possible to the destination, if the progress is not possible, the algorithm switches to 3DRanDomProb. The fourth algorithm G_3DRanDomProb_G uses progress-based routing as much as possible, then it switches to 3DRanDomProb until it overcomes the local minimum problem and then goes back to progress-based routing. We show experimentally that these hybrid randomized routing algorithms on three-dimensional mobile ad hoc networks can achieve nearly guaranteed delivery while discovering routes significantly closer in length to the shortest path and with low overhead. <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1177\/1550147716671255","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2016,10,11]],"date-time":"2016-10-11T16:09:45Z","timestamp":1476202185000},"page":"155014771667125","update-policy":"http:\/\/dx.doi.org\/10.1177\/sage-journals-update-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":8,"title":["Randomized geographic-based routing with nearly guaranteed delivery for three-dimensional ad hoc network"],"prefix":"10.1177","volume":"12","author":[{"given":"Alaa E.","family":"Abdallah","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Information Technology, The Hashemite University, Zarqa, Jordan"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Emad 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