{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,5,31]],"date-time":"2025-05-31T06:23:10Z","timestamp":1748672590565},"reference-count":28,"publisher":"SAGE Publications","issue":"4","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2017,4,1]],"date-time":"2017-04-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1491004800000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/page\/policies\/text-and-data-mining-license"}],"funder":[{"name":"Mobicity Project The Moroccan Ministry of Higher Education and scie"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["journals.sagepub.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["International Journal of Distributed Sensor Networks"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2017,4]]},"abstract":"<jats:p> This article exhibits a reward-based incentive mechanism for file caching in delay-tolerant networks. In delay-tolerant networks, nodes use relay\u2019s store-carry-forward paradigm to reach the final destination. Thereby, relay nodes may store data in their buffer and carry it till an appropriate contact opportunity with destination arises. However, the relays are not always willing to assist data forwarding due to a limited energy or a low storage capacity. Our proposal suggests a reward mechanism to uphold and to sustain cooperation among relay nodes. We model this distributed network interaction as a non-cooperative game. Namely, the source node offers to the relay nodes a positive reward if they accept to cache and to forward a given file successfully to a target destination, whereas the relay nodes may either accept or reject the source deal, depending on the reward attractiveness and on their battery status (their actual energy level). Next, full characterizations of both pure and mixed Nash equilibria are provided. Then, we propose three fully distributed algorithms to ensure convergence to the Nash equilibria (for both pure equilibrium and mixed equilibrium). Finally, we validate our proposal through extensive numerical examples and many learning simulations and draw some conclusions and insightful remarks. <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1177\/1550147717700149","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2017,4,11]],"date-time":"2017-04-11T07:24:10Z","timestamp":1491895450000},"page":"155014771770014","update-policy":"http:\/\/dx.doi.org\/10.1177\/sage-journals-update-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["Robust fully distributed file caching for delay-tolerant networks: A reward-based incentive mechanism"],"prefix":"10.1177","volume":"13","author":[{"given":"Sidi Ahmed","family":"Ezzahidi","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"LIMIARF Laboratory, FSR, Mohammed V University, Rabat, Morocco"}]},{"given":"Essaid","family":"Sabir","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"NEST Research Group, LRI Lab, ENSEM, University of Hassan II Casablanca, Casablanca, Morocco"}]},{"given":"Sara","family":"Koulali","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"MATSI Laboratory, Mohammed I University, Oujda, Morocco"}]},{"given":"El-Houssine","family":"Bouyakhf","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"LIMIARF Laboratory, FSR, Mohammed V University, Rabat, Morocco"}]}],"member":"179","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2017,4,11]]},"reference":[{"key":"bibr1-1550147717700149","first-page":"27","volume-title":"Proceedings of the 2003 conference on applications, technologies, architectures, and protocols for computer communications","author":"Fall K"},{"key":"bibr2-1550147717700149","first-page":"1","volume-title":"Proceedings of the IEEE military communications conference (MILCOM 2007)","author":"Krishnan 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