{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,19]],"date-time":"2026-06-19T09:19:34Z","timestamp":1781860774993,"version":"3.54.5"},"reference-count":24,"publisher":"SAGE Publications","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2019,1,1]],"date-time":"2019-01-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1546300800000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/page\/policies\/text-and-data-mining-license"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001809","name":"national natural science foundation of china","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["51409235"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["51409235"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001809","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001809","name":"national natural science foundation of china","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["61431005"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["61431005"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001809","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["journals.sagepub.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["International Journal of Distributed Sensor Networks"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2019,1]]},"abstract":"<jats:p> Due to the complexity and variability of the underwater acoustic channel, the communication signal is affected by multi-path, time delay, and Doppler frequency shift. Based on the advantageous characteristics of fractional Fourier transform on chirp signal processing, a fractional Fourier transform\u2013based algorithm using combined linear frequency\u2013modulated signal is proposed, which can estimate parameters of underwater acoustic channel and has a better performance than the existing methods. To distinguish multi-user in underwater acoustic communication system, a single-carrier direct sequence code division multiple access communication system combined with the fractional Fourier transform\u2013based algorithm is proposed. Thus, a preliminary study on underwater multi-target identification is carried out. The simulation and experimental results show that the fractional Fourier transform\u2013based algorithm is simple and effective, and the energy can be focused at the \u201cbest\u201d fractional order, which can directly determine the multi-path number and complete the channel estimation. The proposed single-carrier direct sequence code division multiple access communication system has good performance on bit error rate when we use corresponding spreading code to distinguish multi-user. <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1177\/1550147719826001","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2019,1,30]],"date-time":"2019-01-30T05:04:31Z","timestamp":1548824671000},"page":"155014771982600","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/sage-journals-update-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":3,"title":["A fractional Fourier transform\u2013based channel estimation algorithm in single-carrier direct sequence code division multiple access underwater acoustic communication system"],"prefix":"10.1177","volume":"15","author":[{"given":"Lin","family":"Zhou","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Engineering, Ocean University of China, Qingdao, 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