{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,7]],"date-time":"2026-05-07T22:20:13Z","timestamp":1778192413758,"version":"3.51.4"},"reference-count":28,"publisher":"SAGE Publications","issue":"7","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2019,7,1]],"date-time":"2019-07-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1561939200000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/page\/policies\/text-and-data-mining-license"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["journals.sagepub.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["International Journal of Distributed Sensor Networks"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2019,7]]},"abstract":"<jats:p> International border security operations are diverse and include tasks to facilitate the legitimate movement of goods, thwart crime, maintain safety around borders and safeguard natural resources. All these operations are vital and enduring; however, three operations are currently of exceptional concern to countries around the world: counterterrorism, illegal drug control and illegal migration. The usage of flying ad hoc networks promises new ways for both military and civilian applications, such as border surveillance and remote sensing. Many systems were developed to assist border authorities with more effective surveillance and reliable decision-making support. Such systems vary in terms of the used technology, accuracy, types of events that can be detected and monitoring continuity. This article investigates the technical capabilities of existing and emerging surveillance technologies used for international border monitoring applications. It describes the effectiveness of these systems along with the technological infrastructure required for their implementation. Particular attention has been given to identifying the strengths and weaknesses of these systems and their ability to meet current and future challenges. Our analysis shows that flying ad hoc networks can be used to deliver a rapidly deployable, self-configurable, flexible and relatively small operating cost network for border surveillance. <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1177\/1550147719860406","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2019,7,4]],"date-time":"2019-07-04T09:21:49Z","timestamp":1562232109000},"page":"155014771986040","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/sage-journals-update-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":15,"title":["Assessing the effectiveness of flying ad hoc networks for international border surveillance"],"prefix":"10.1177","volume":"15","author":[{"given":"Fayez","family":"Al Fayez","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Science, Majmaah University, Al Majmaah, Saudi Arabia"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1058-0996","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Mohammad","family":"Hammoudeh","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Science and Engineering, Manchester Metropolitan University, Manchester, UK"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Bamidele","family":"Adebisi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Science and Engineering, Manchester Metropolitan University, Manchester, UK"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Khalid Nazim","family":"Abdul Sattar","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Science, Majmaah University, Al Majmaah, Saudi Arabia"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"179","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2019,7,3]]},"reference":[{"key":"bibr1-1550147719860406","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/JSEN.2017.2672501"},{"key":"bibr2-1550147719860406","first-page":"129","volume-title":"Proceedings of the 4th ACM international symposium on mobile ad hoc networking & computing","author":"Bao L"},{"key":"bibr4-1550147719860406","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2172\/1225303"},{"key":"bibr5-1550147719860406","first-page":"308","volume-title":"2007 IEEE radar conference","author":"Giompapa S"},{"key":"bibr6-1550147719860406","volume-title":"Advances in sensors","volume":"3","author":"Abuarqoub A","year":"2015"},{"key":"bibr7-1550147719860406","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.procs.2015.12.034"},{"issue":"1","key":"bibr8-1550147719860406","first-page":"145","volume":"18","author":"Al-Fayez F","year":"2013","journal-title":"Sens Transducers"},{"key":"bibr13-1550147719860406","first-page":"1","volume-title":"2007 Biometrics symposium","author":"Busch C"},{"key":"bibr14-1550147719860406","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jnca.2018.03.027"},{"key":"bibr15-1550147719860406","volume-title":"Proceedings of the 2008 IEEE conference on technologies for homeland security","author":"Greenblatt A"},{"key":"bibr17-1550147719860406","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/0143116031000101675"},{"key":"bibr18-1550147719860406","first-page":"213","volume-title":"Proceedings of the 6th international workshop on the analysis of multi-temporal remote sensing images (multi-temp)","author":"Gromek A"},{"key":"bibr19-1550147719860406","volume-title":"Borderline: the EU\u2019s new border surveillance initiatives: assessing the costs and fundamental rights implications of EUROSUR and the \u2018smart borders\u2019 proposals: a study by the Heinrich B\u00f6ll Foundation","author":"Hayes B","year":"2012"},{"key":"bibr21-1550147719860406","volume-title":"ESA living planet symposium","author":"Margarit G"},{"key":"bibr24-1550147719860406","volume-title":"Issues impacting human trafficking collaborations: a local law enforcement perspective","author":"Marsh LDJ","year":"2007"},{"key":"bibr26-1550147719860406","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.adhoc.2010.09.008"},{"key":"bibr28-1550147719860406","volume-title":"Agile and collaborative systems engineering","author":"A\u015fan E","year":"2014"},{"key":"bibr30-1550147719860406","unstructured":"Blazakie J. 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