{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,5,14]],"date-time":"2025-05-14T03:49:04Z","timestamp":1747194544460,"version":"3.40.5"},"reference-count":15,"publisher":"SAGE Publications","issue":"7","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2019,7,1]],"date-time":"2019-07-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1561939200000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/page\/policies\/text-and-data-mining-license"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100003725","name":"National Research Foundation of Korea","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["2019R1F1A1062670"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2019R1F1A1062670"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100003725","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["journals.sagepub.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["International Journal of Distributed Sensor Networks"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2019,7]]},"abstract":"<jats:p> In indoor positioning techniques, Wi-Fi is one of the most used technology because of its availability and cost-effectiveness. Access points are usually the main source of Wi-Fi signals in an indoor environment. If access points are optimized to cover the indoor area, this could improve Wi-Fi signal distribution. This article proposed an alternative to optimizing access point placement and distribution by introducing virtual access points that can be virtually placed in any part of the indoor environment without installation of actual access points. Virtual access points will be created heuristically by correlating received signal strength indicator of already existing access points and through linear regression. After introducing virtual access points in the indoor environment, next will be the addition of filters to improve signal fluctuation and reduce noise interference. Kalman filter has been previously used together with virtual access point and showed improvement by decreasing error distance of Wi-Fi fingerprinting results. This article also aims to include particle filter in the system to further improve localization and test its effectiveness when paired with Kalman filter. The performance testing of the algorithm in different indoor environments resulted in 3.18 and 3.59\u2009m error distances. An improvement was added on the system by using relative distances instead of received signal strength indicator values in distance estimation and gave an error distance average of 1.85\u2009m. <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1177\/1550147719866135","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2019,7,30]],"date-time":"2019-07-30T05:20:13Z","timestamp":1564464013000},"page":"155014771986613","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/sage-journals-update-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":4,"title":["Indoor localization system based on virtual access points with filtering schemes"],"prefix":"10.1177","volume":"15","author":[{"given":"Dong Myung","family":"Lee","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Computer Engineering, Tongmyong University, Busan, Republic of Korea"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8241-0377","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Boney","family":"Labinghisa","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Computer Engineering, Tongmyong University, Busan, Republic of Korea"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"179","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2019,7,30]]},"reference":[{"key":"bibr1-1550147719866135","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/TSMCC.2007.905750"},{"first-page":"1","volume-title":"Proceedings of the 20th international conference Radioelektronika 2010","author":"Machaj J","key":"bibr2-1550147719866135"},{"first-page":"24","volume-title":"Proceedings of the 2012 9th workshop on positioning, navigation and communication (WPNC)","author":"Laitinen E","key":"bibr3-1550147719866135"},{"key":"bibr4-1550147719866135","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1155\/2014\/297689"},{"first-page":"1","volume-title":"Proceedings of the 2017 IEEE conference on communications and network security (CNS)","author":"Roth JD","key":"bibr5-1550147719866135"},{"key":"bibr6-1550147719866135","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/MPRV.2017.24"},{"key":"bibr8-1550147719866135","first-page":"176","volume-title":"Proceedings of the fall conference of Korean Institute of Communications and Information Sciences (KICS)","volume":"61","author":"Labinghisa B"},{"key":"bibr10-1550147719866135","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/INFCOM.2000.832252"},{"issue":"3","key":"bibr11-1550147719866135","first-page":"113","volume":"6","author":"Labinghisa B","year":"2017","journal-title":"KIPS T Comput Commum Sys"},{"volume-title":"Proceedings of the 8th indoor positioning and indoor navigation (IPIN)","author":"Labinghisa B","key":"bibr12-1550147719866135"},{"first-page":"1678","volume-title":"Proceedings of the 2009 IEEE control applications, (CCA) & intelligent control, (ISIC)","author":"Ali-Loytty S","key":"bibr13-1550147719866135"},{"key":"bibr14-1550147719866135","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/su8111136"},{"first-page":"1","volume-title":"Proceedings of the 2014 IEEE 19th international conference on intelligent sensors, sensor networks and information processing (ISSNIP)","author":"Sakib MSR","key":"bibr15-1550147719866135"},{"issue":"2","key":"bibr17-1550147719866135","first-page":"3295","volume":"17","author":"T\u00fcrkoral T","year":"2017","journal-title":"Istanbul Univ J Electr Elect Eng"},{"issue":"7","key":"bibr18-1550147719866135","first-page":"1463","volume":"42","author":"Labinghisa B","year":"2017","journal-title":"J Korea Inform Commun Soc"}],"container-title":["International Journal of Distributed Sensor Networks"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"http:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1177\/1550147719866135","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"http:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/doi\/full-xml\/10.1177\/1550147719866135","content-type":"application\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"http:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1177\/1550147719866135","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2019,9,20]],"date-time":"2019-09-20T14:40:50Z","timestamp":1568990450000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"http:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/doi\/10.1177\/1550147719866135"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2019,7]]},"references-count":15,"journal-issue":{"issue":"7","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2019,7,30]]},"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2019,7]]}},"alternative-id":["10.1177\/1550147719866135"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/1550147719866135","relation":{},"ISSN":["1550-1477","1550-1477"],"issn-type":[{"type":"print","value":"1550-1477"},{"type":"electronic","value":"1550-1477"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2019,7]]}}}