{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,18]],"date-time":"2026-07-18T15:54:43Z","timestamp":1784390083789,"version":"3.55.0"},"reference-count":54,"publisher":"SAGE Publications","issue":"9","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2019,9,1]],"date-time":"2019-09-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1567296000000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/page\/policies\/text-and-data-mining-license"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100010193","name":"Korea Electric Power Corporation","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","award":["R18XA05"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["R18XA05"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100010193","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"crossref"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100003725","name":"National Research Foundation of Korea","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["2019M3F2A1073184"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2019M3F2A1073184"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100003725","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["journals.sagepub.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["International Journal of Distributed Sensor Networks"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2019,9]]},"abstract":"<jats:p> Smart grids have recently attracted increasing attention because of their reliability, flexibility, sustainability, and efficiency. A typical smart grid consists of diverse components such as smart meters, energy management systems, energy storage systems, and renewable energy resources. In particular, to make an effective energy management strategy for the energy management system, accurate load forecasting is necessary. Recently, artificial neural network\u2013based load forecasting models with good performance have been proposed. For accurate load forecasting, it is critical to determine effective hyperparameters of neural networks, which is a complex and time-consuming task. Among these parameters, the type of activation function and the number of hidden layers are critical in the performance of neural networks. In this study, we construct diverse artificial neural network\u2013based building electric energy consumption forecasting models using different combinations of the two hyperparameters and compare their performance. Experimental results indicate that neural networks with scaled exponential linear units and five hidden layers exhibit better performance, on average than other forecasting models. <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1177\/1550147719877616","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2019,9,28]],"date-time":"2019-09-28T03:15:21Z","timestamp":1569640521000},"page":"155014771987761","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/sage-journals-update-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":95,"title":["A comparative analysis of artificial neural network architectures for building energy consumption forecasting"],"prefix":"10.1177","volume":"15","author":[{"given":"Jihoon","family":"Moon","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Electrical Engineering, Korea University, Seoul, South Korea"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Sungwoo","family":"Park","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Electrical Engineering, Korea University, Seoul, South Korea"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Seungmin","family":"Rho","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Software, Sejong University, Seoul, South Korea"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0418-4092","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Eenjun","family":"Hwang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Electrical Engineering, Korea University, Seoul, South Korea"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"179","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2019,9,28]]},"reference":[{"key":"bibr1-1550147719877616","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.rser.2015.10.117"},{"key":"bibr2-1550147719877616","first-page":"7046","volume-title":"Proceedings of the IECON 2016\u201342nd annual conference of the IEEE industrial electronics society","author":"Marino DL"},{"key":"bibr3-1550147719877616","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/en9060398"},{"key":"bibr4-1550147719877616","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/en8088371"},{"key":"bibr5-1550147719877616","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/en10070916"},{"key":"bibr6-1550147719877616","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.rser.2017.02.023"},{"key":"bibr7-1550147719877616","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.rser.2014.01.069"},{"key":"bibr8-1550147719877616","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.energy.2014.07.064"},{"key":"bibr9-1550147719877616","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/TPWRS.2017.2665669"},{"key":"bibr10-1550147719877616","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/en11123283"},{"key":"bibr11-1550147719877616","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/en10081168"},{"key":"bibr12-1550147719877616","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijforecast.2015.11.011"},{"key":"bibr13-1550147719877616","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.rser.2016.12.015"},{"key":"bibr14-1550147719877616","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.rser.2012.02.049"},{"key":"bibr15-1550147719877616","first-page":"1","volume-title":"Proceedings of 2016 IEEE power and energy society general meeting (PESGM)","author":"Ke X"},{"key":"bibr16-1550147719877616","first-page":"280","volume-title":"Proceedings of the 2018 IEEE PES Asia-Pacific power and energy engineering conference (APPEEC)","author":"Kwon BS"},{"key":"bibr17-1550147719877616","first-page":"219","volume-title":"Proceedings of the IEEE international conference on big data and smart computing (BigComp)","author":"Moon J"},{"key":"bibr18-1550147719877616","first-page":"1100","volume-title":"Proceedings of the 2017 IEEE international conference on industrial technology (ICIT)","author":"Park HY"},{"key":"bibr19-1550147719877616","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijhydene.2017.03.101"},{"key":"bibr20-1550147719877616","first-page":"001394","volume-title":"Proceedings of the 2016 IEEE international conference on systems, man, and cybernetics (SMC)","author":"Qiu X"},{"key":"bibr21-1550147719877616","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s00202-017-0587-2"},{"key":"bibr22-1550147719877616","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neucom.2016.09.027"},{"key":"bibr23-1550147719877616","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijepes.2015.12.006"},{"key":"bibr24-1550147719877616","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neucom.2017.01.090"},{"key":"bibr25-1550147719877616","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.apenergy.2016.02.114"},{"key":"bibr26-1550147719877616","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.segan.2016.02.005"},{"key":"bibr27-1550147719877616","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.4304\/jcp.9.7.1519-1524"},{"key":"bibr28-1550147719877616","first-page":"1385","volume-title":"Proceedings of the 2017 19th international middle east power systems conference (MEPCON)","author":"Elgarhy SM"},{"key":"bibr29-1550147719877616","first-page":"159","volume-title":"Proceedings of the 2017 4th International Conference on Image Information Processing (ICIIP)","author":"Singh S"},{"key":"bibr30-1550147719877616","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.energy.2016.07.090"},{"key":"bibr31-1550147719877616","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.asoc.2017.01.015"},{"key":"bibr32-1550147719877616","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/en10010003"},{"key":"bibr33-1550147719877616","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.apenergy.2017.03.064"},{"key":"bibr34-1550147719877616","first-page":"594","volume-title":"Proceedings of the 2017 international conference on computing, networking and communications (ICNC)","author":"Din GMU"},{"key":"bibr35-1550147719877616","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/en11010213"},{"key":"bibr37-1550147719877616","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/en10020175"},{"key":"bibr39-1550147719877616","first-page":"1026","volume-title":"Proceedings of the 2015 IEEE international conference on computer vision (ICCV)","author":"He K"},{"key":"bibr42-1550147719877616","first-page":"714","volume":"3","author":"Karsoliya S","year":"2012","journal-title":"IJETT"},{"key":"bibr43-1550147719877616","volume-title":"Deep learning","author":"Goodfellow I","year":"2016"},{"key":"bibr44-1550147719877616","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s00500-017-2624-5"},{"key":"bibr45-1550147719877616","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/TSG.2017.2686012"},{"key":"bibr46-1550147719877616","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/TSG.2017.2753802"},{"key":"bibr47-1550147719877616","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s11227-017-2022-x"},{"key":"bibr48-1550147719877616","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.applthermaleng.2016.11.151"},{"key":"bibr49-1550147719877616","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijforecast.2015.09.006"},{"key":"bibr51-1550147719877616","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/TSG.2016.2547964"},{"key":"bibr52-1550147719877616","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/su9050795"},{"key":"bibr53-1550147719877616","volume-title":"Introduction to neural networks with Java","author":"Heaton J","year":"2008"},{"key":"bibr54-1550147719877616","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1155\/2013\/425740"},{"key":"bibr56-1550147719877616","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.enbuild.2019.04.034"},{"key":"bibr57-1550147719877616","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-642-35289-8_26"},{"key":"bibr58-1550147719877616","first-page":"67","volume":"8","author":"Moon J","year":"2019","journal-title":"KIPS Trans Soft Data Eng"},{"key":"bibr59-1550147719877616","first-page":"26","volume":"4","author":"Tieleman T","year":"2012","journal-title":"COURSERA"},{"key":"bibr60-1550147719877616","first-page":"265","volume-title":"Proceedings of the 12th USENIX symposium on operating systems design and implementation (OSDI \u201816)","author":"Abadi M"}],"container-title":["International Journal of Distributed Sensor Networks"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"http:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1177\/1550147719877616","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"http:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/doi\/full-xml\/10.1177\/1550147719877616","content-type":"application\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"http:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1177\/1550147719877616","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2019,9,28]],"date-time":"2019-09-28T03:15:38Z","timestamp":1569640538000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"http:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/doi\/10.1177\/1550147719877616"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2019,9]]},"references-count":54,"journal-issue":{"issue":"9","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2019,9,28]]},"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2019,9]]}},"alternative-id":["10.1177\/1550147719877616"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/1550147719877616","relation":{},"ISSN":["1550-1477","1550-1477"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1550-1477","type":"print"},{"value":"1550-1477","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2019,9]]}}}