{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,31]],"date-time":"2026-08-31T14:56:44Z","timestamp":1788188204238,"version":"build-2803163510"},"reference-count":28,"publisher":"SAGE Publications","issue":"9","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2019,9,1]],"date-time":"2019-09-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1567296000000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/page\/policies\/text-and-data-mining-license"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["journals.sagepub.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["International Journal of Distributed Sensor Networks"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2019,9]]},"abstract":"<jats:p> Wireless sensor networks require time synchronization, which is the coordination of events or actions to make a system operate in unison. In this work, real experiments and a theoretical analysis of the behavior of the clock sources, most used in wireless sensor networks, have been carried out. The experiments have been performed on two real platforms from two different manufacturers in real environments with sudden changes in temperature. Complementary metal-oxide-semiconductor oscillators have a low accuracy, bigger than 500\u2009ppm, and a high dependency with temperature. External crystal oscillators have good accuracy, around 20\u2009ppm, and are stable with temperature. Temperature-compensated crystal oscillators are very accurate, around 5\u2009ppm, and the temperature has no influence in their drift. The use of phase-locked loop circuits minimizes the impact of temperature and stabilizes oscillators. We highlight and demonstrate the importance of the early stages of design, especially the selection of the clock source, because that decision has a great impact on the performance of the time synchronization in wireless sensor networks. <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1177\/1550147719879372","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2019,9,28]],"date-time":"2019-09-28T03:16:01Z","timestamp":1569640561000},"page":"155014771987937","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/sage-journals-update-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":43,"title":["Performance of clock sources and their influence on time synchronization in wireless sensor networks"],"prefix":"10.1177","volume":"15","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1019-4748","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Francisco","family":"Tirado-Andr\u00e9s","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"B105 Electronic Systems Lab, ETSI Telecomunicaci\u00f3n, Universidad Polit\u00e9cnica de Madrid, Madrid, Spain"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Alvaro","family":"Araujo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"B105 Electronic Systems Lab, ETSI Telecomunicaci\u00f3n, Universidad Polit\u00e9cnica de Madrid, Madrid, Spain"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"179","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2019,9,28]]},"reference":[{"key":"bibr1-1550147719879372","volume-title":"IEEE international workshop on factory communication systems","author":"Mahlknecht S"},{"key":"bibr2-1550147719879372","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/TIM.2011.2170889"},{"key":"bibr3-1550147719879372","volume-title":"Proceedings of the IEEE SoutheastCon 2010","author":"Lasassmeh S"},{"key":"bibr4-1550147719879372","volume-title":"2017 International conference on smart technologies for smart nation (SmartTechCon)","author":"Geetha DD","year":"2017"},{"key":"bibr5-1550147719879372","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jnca.2017.01.004"},{"key":"bibr6-1550147719879372","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/JETCAS.2013.2243032"},{"key":"bibr7-1550147719879372","volume-title":"IEEE international conference on networking, sensing and control","author":"Tian J"},{"key":"bibr8-1550147719879372","volume-title":"Fundamentals of quartz oscillators, application","author":"Hewlett-Packard","year":"2002"},{"key":"bibr9-1550147719879372","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jpdc.2012.06.003"},{"key":"bibr10-1550147719879372","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1089\/acm.2007.6370"},{"key":"bibr11-1550147719879372","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijproman.2004.03.002"},{"key":"bibr12-1550147719879372","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.measurement.2015.08.039"},{"key":"bibr13-1550147719879372","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/MNET.2004.1316761"},{"key":"bibr14-1550147719879372","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/MSP.2010.938757"},{"key":"bibr15-1550147719879372","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/JSYST.2014.2360460"},{"key":"bibr16-1550147719879372","first-page":"42","volume-title":"Workshop on innovation on information and communication technologies (ITACA-WIICT 2016)","author":"Navia M"},{"key":"bibr17-1550147719879372","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/58.105240"},{"key":"bibr18-1550147719879372","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/JMEMS.2015.2441045"},{"key":"bibr19-1550147719879372","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/JSSC.2005.863149"},{"key":"bibr20-1550147719879372","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/s130810981"},{"key":"bibr21-1550147719879372","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/TII.2017.2689330"},{"key":"bibr23-1550147719879372","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.4316\/AECE.2012.04009"},{"key":"bibr24-1550147719879372","volume-title":"Proceedings of the 12th ACM conference on embedded network sensor systems\u2014SenSys \u201914","author":"Mohammadmoradi H"},{"key":"bibr25-1550147719879372","volume-title":"2017 International conference on computing, networking and communications (ICNC)","author":"Mohammadmoradi H"},{"key":"bibr26-1550147719879372","volume-title":"Proceedings 15th international parallel and distributed processing symposium IPDPS 2001","author":"Elson J"},{"key":"bibr27-1550147719879372","volume-title":"IEEE wireless communications and networking, 2003","author":"Sichitiu M"},{"key":"bibr28-1550147719879372","author":"Paxon V","year":"1998","journal-title":"RFC2330, Technical report"},{"key":"bibr29-1550147719879372","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.adhoc.2005.01.002"}],"container-title":["International Journal of Distributed Sensor Networks"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"http:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1177\/1550147719879372","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"http:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/doi\/full-xml\/10.1177\/1550147719879372","content-type":"application\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"http:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1177\/1550147719879372","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2019,9,28]],"date-time":"2019-09-28T03:16:05Z","timestamp":1569640565000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"http:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/doi\/10.1177\/1550147719879372"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2019,9]]},"references-count":28,"journal-issue":{"issue":"9","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2019,9,28]]},"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2019,9]]}},"alternative-id":["10.1177\/1550147719879372"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/1550147719879372","relation":{},"ISSN":["1550-1477","1550-1477"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1550-1477","type":"print"},{"value":"1550-1477","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2019,9]]}}}