{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,15]],"date-time":"2026-01-15T14:22:14Z","timestamp":1768486934445,"version":"3.49.0"},"reference-count":17,"publisher":"SAGE Publications","issue":"9","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2019,9,1]],"date-time":"2019-09-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1567296000000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/page\/policies\/text-and-data-mining-license"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100012226","name":"fundamental research funds for the central universities","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["N172304027"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["N172304027"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100012226","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["journals.sagepub.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["International Journal of Distributed Sensor Networks"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2019,9]]},"abstract":"<jats:p> Wireless sensor networks have drawn tremendous attentions from all fields because of their wide application. Maximizing network lifetime is one of the main problems in wireless sensor networks. This article proposes an energy-efficient routing protocol which adopts unequal clustering technology to solve the hot spots problem and proposes double cluster head strategy to reduce the energy consumption of head nodes in the clusters. In addition, to balance the energy consumption between cluster heads and cluster members, a hybrid cluster head rotation strategy based on time-driven and energy-driven is proposed, which can make the timing of rotation more reasonable and the energy consumption more efficient. Finally, we compare the proposed protocol with LEACH, DEBUC, and UCNPD by simulation experiments. The simulation results prove that our proposed protocol can effectively improve the performance in terms of network lifetime, energy consumption, energy balance, stability, and throughput. <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1177\/1550147719879384","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2019,9,28]],"date-time":"2019-09-28T03:19:00Z","timestamp":1569640740000},"page":"155014771987938","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/sage-journals-update-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":43,"title":["An energy-efficient unequal clustering routing protocol for wireless sensor networks"],"prefix":"10.1177","volume":"15","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4254-819X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Fang","family":"Zhu","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Computer and Communication Engineering, Northeastern University at Qinhuangdao, Qinhuangdao, China"}]},{"given":"Junfang","family":"Wei","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Resources and Materials, Northeastern University at Qinhuangdao, Qinhuangdao, China"},{"name":"Key Laboratory of Dielectric and Electrolyte Functional Material Hebei Province, School of Resources and Materials, Northeastern University at Qinhuangdao, Qinhuangdao, China"}]}],"member":"179","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2019,9,28]]},"reference":[{"key":"bibr1-1550147719879384","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/TWC.2002.804190"},{"key":"bibr2-1550147719879384","first-page":"1125","volume":"3","author":"Lindsey S","year":"2003","journal-title":"Aerospace Conf P"},{"key":"bibr3-1550147719879384","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/TMC.2004.41"},{"key":"bibr4-1550147719879384","volume-title":"An energy-balanced multi-hop clustering routing algorithm in wireless sensor networks","author":"Fan Z","year":"2014"},{"key":"bibr5-1550147719879384","first-page":"825","volume":"45","author":"Zhenlei LV","year":"2016","journal-title":"J Inn Mongolia Norm Univ (Nat Sci Ed)"},{"key":"bibr6-1550147719879384","first-page":"1020","volume-title":"IEEE international conference on recent trends in electronics, information & communication technology","author":"Ahamad F"},{"key":"bibr7-1550147719879384","volume-title":"Research on energy-efficient clustering routing protocol for wireless sensor network","author":"Wang B","year":"2016"},{"key":"bibr8-1550147719879384","first-page":"152","volume":"44","author":"Lei W","year":"2017","journal-title":"Comput Sci"},{"key":"bibr9-1550147719879384","first-page":"288","volume":"4","author":"Zhi R","year":"2017","journal-title":"Comput Simul"},{"key":"bibr10-1550147719879384","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s11277-015-3137-0"},{"key":"bibr11-1550147719879384","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3724\/SP.J.1001.2012.04061"},{"key":"bibr12-1550147719879384","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jnca.2017.03.025"},{"key":"bibr13-1550147719879384","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s13638-018-1299-7"},{"key":"bibr14-1550147719879384","first-page":"1","volume":"20","author":"Sara AS","year":"2018","journal-title":"Sustain Comput-Infor"},{"key":"bibr15-1550147719879384","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/s18113938"},{"key":"bibr16-1550147719879384","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s11235-017-0372-6"},{"key":"bibr17-1550147719879384","volume-title":"19th IEEE international parallel and distributed processing symposium","author":"Soro S"}],"container-title":["International Journal of Distributed Sensor Networks"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"http:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1177\/1550147719879384","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"http:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/doi\/full-xml\/10.1177\/1550147719879384","content-type":"application\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"http:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1177\/1550147719879384","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2019,9,28]],"date-time":"2019-09-28T03:19:05Z","timestamp":1569640745000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"http:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/doi\/10.1177\/1550147719879384"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2019,9]]},"references-count":17,"journal-issue":{"issue":"9","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2019,9,28]]},"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2019,9]]}},"alternative-id":["10.1177\/1550147719879384"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/1550147719879384","relation":{},"ISSN":["1550-1477","1550-1477"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1550-1477","type":"print"},{"value":"1550-1477","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2019,9]]}}}