{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,28]],"date-time":"2025-10-28T03:18:07Z","timestamp":1761621487286,"version":"3.40.5"},"reference-count":86,"publisher":"SAGE Publications","issue":"12","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2019,12,1]],"date-time":"2019-12-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1575158400000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/page\/policies\/text-and-data-mining-license"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100012226","name":"fundamental research funds for the central universities","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["2019JKF226"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2019JKF226"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100012226","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"name":"Public Security Theory and Soft Science Research Project of Public Security Ministry","award":["2018LLYJGADX042"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2018LLYJGADX042"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["journals.sagepub.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["International Journal of Distributed Sensor Networks"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2019,12]]},"abstract":"<jats:p> Wireless sensor networks (WSNs) are very prone to ongoing security threats due to its resource constraints and unprotected transmission medium. WSN contains hundreds and thousands of resource-constrained and self-organized sensor nodes. These sensor nodes are usually organized in a distributed manner; thus, it permits the creation of an ad hoc network without predefined infrastructure or centralized management. As WSNs are going to get control of real-time applications, where a malicious activity can cause serious damage, the inherent challenge is to fortify the security enforcement in these networks. As a solution, software-defined network (SDN) has come out and has been merged with WSN to form what is known as software-defined wireless sensor network (SDWSN). SDWSN has come into existence, and it legitimizes network operators with more flexibility and control over the network. SDWSN has more tightened the security enforcement based on the global view and centralized control of the network topology. Moreover, machine learning (ML)\u2013based and deep learning (DL)\u2013based network intrusion detection systems (NIDS) have been introduced to the SDN environment to protect the networks against anomaly threats. In this review article, we illustrated the SDN\u2013based security approaches to WSN followed by its architectures, advantages, and possible security threats. Finally, ML\/DL\u2013based NIDS integrated with the SDN controller is proposed as a complete solution for the WSN environment to confront the ongoing anomaly threats and to sufficiently protect the network against both known and unknown attacks. <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1177\/1550147719889906","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2019,12,12]],"date-time":"2019-12-12T01:44:52Z","timestamp":1576115092000},"page":"155014771988990","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/sage-journals-update-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":12,"title":["A critical review on security approaches to software-defined wireless sensor networking"],"prefix":"10.1177","volume":"15","author":[{"given":"Muhammad","family":"Saqib","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Computer Science, University of Engineering and Technology, Taxila, Pakistan"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Farrukh Zeeshan","family":"Khan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Computer Science, University of Engineering and Technology, Taxila, Pakistan"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Muneer","family":"Ahmed","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Information Systems, University of Malaya, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2284-0479","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Raja Majid","family":"Mehmood","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Information & Communication Department, Xiamen University Malaysia, Sepang, Malaysia"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"179","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2019,12,11]]},"reference":[{"key":"bibr1-1550147719889906","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jnca.2013.02.036"},{"volume-title":"Proceedings of the 2015 IEEE Sensors","author":"Kanagaraj E","key":"bibr2-1550147719889906"},{"key":"bibr3-1550147719889906","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/s130607250"},{"volume-title":"Security of self-organizing networks: MANET, WSN, WMN, VANET","year":"2015","author":"Pathan A-SK","key":"bibr5-1550147719889906"},{"key":"bibr6-1550147719889906","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/JPROC.2014.2371999"},{"key":"bibr7-1550147719889906","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.future.2015.10.015"},{"key":"bibr8-1550147719889906","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.future.2015.10.017"},{"volume-title":"Proceedings of the 2016 15th ACM\/IEEE international conference on information processing in sensor networks (IPSN)","author":"Orfanidis C.","key":"bibr9-1550147719889906"},{"issue":"5","key":"bibr10-1550147719889906","first-page":"1303","volume":"19","author":"Letswamotse BB","year":"2018","journal-title":"J Internet Technol"},{"volume-title":"Proceedings of the 2017 IEEE 15th international conference on industrial informatics (INDIN)","author":"Pritchard SW","key":"bibr11-1550147719889906"},{"key":"bibr12-1550147719889906","first-page":"8734389","volume":"2018","author":"Alves RC","year":"2018","journal-title":"Secur Communi Netw"},{"key":"bibr13-1550147719889906","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.comnet.2018.04.009"},{"key":"bibr14-1550147719889906","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/ACCESS.2017.2666200"},{"key":"bibr15-1550147719889906","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/COMST.2018.2862350"},{"volume-title":"Proceedings of the 2016 international conference on wireless networks and mobile communications (WINCOM)","author":"Tang TA","key":"bibr16-1550147719889906"},{"key":"bibr17-1550147719889906","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s12083-017-0630-0"},{"key":"bibr18-1550147719889906","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/ACCESS.2019.2905633"},{"key":"bibr19-1550147719889906","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/ACCESS.2018.2863036"},{"key":"bibr20-1550147719889906","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/COMST.2018.2847722"},{"volume-title":"Proceedings of the 2013 international conference on pattern recognition, informatics and mobile engineering","author":"Thaseen S","key":"bibr21-1550147719889906"},{"key":"bibr23-1550147719889906","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/1355734.1355746"},{"volume-title":"Proceedings of the EFTA 2003. 2003 IEEE conference on emerging technologies and factory automation (Cat. 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