{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,15]],"date-time":"2026-06-15T20:36:38Z","timestamp":1781555798046,"version":"3.54.5"},"reference-count":46,"publisher":"SAGE Publications","issue":"5","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2020,5,1]],"date-time":"2020-05-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1588291200000},"content-version":"unspecified","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["journals.sagepub.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["International Journal of Distributed Sensor Networks"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2020,5]]},"abstract":"<jats:p> This article focuses on the evaluation of geometric dilution of precision for three-dimensional angle-of-arrival target localization in wireless sensor networks. We calculate a general analytical expression for the geometric dilution of precision for three-dimensional angle-of-arrival target localization. Unlike the existing works in the literature, in this article, no assumptions are made regarding the observation ranges, noise variances, or the number of sensors in the derivation of the geometric dilution of precision. Necessary and sufficient conditions regarding the existence of geometric dilution of precision are also derived, which can be readily used to evaluate the observability of three-dimensional angle-of-arrival target localization in wireless sensor networks. Moreover, a concise procedure is also presented to calculate the geometric dilution of precision when it exists. Finally, several examples are used to illustrate our results, and it is shown that the performance of the proposed regular deployment configurations of angle-of-arrival sensors is better than the one with random deployment patterns. <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1177\/1550147720920471","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2020,5,13]],"date-time":"2020-05-13T09:35:38Z","timestamp":1589362538000},"page":"155014772092047","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/sage-journals-update-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":16,"title":["Analytical evaluation of geometric dilution of precision for three-dimensional angle-of-arrival target localization in wireless sensor networks"],"prefix":"10.1177","volume":"16","author":[{"given":"Jiao","family":"Zhang","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Computer Science and Engineering, Nanjing University of Science and Technology, Nanjing, China"},{"name":"Beijing Institute of Special Electromechanical Technology, Beijing, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9190-507X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jianfeng","family":"Lu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Computer Science and Engineering, Nanjing University of Science and Technology, Nanjing, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"179","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2020,5,13]]},"reference":[{"key":"bibr1-1550147720920471","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.adhoc.2007.05.003"},{"key":"bibr2-1550147720920471","volume-title":"Understanding GPS\/GNSS: principles and applications","author":"Kaplan E","year":"2017"},{"key":"bibr3-1550147720920471","volume-title":"GNSS\u2013global navigation satellite systems: GPS, GLONASS, Galileo, and more","author":"Hofmann-Wellenhof B","year":"2007"},{"key":"bibr4-1550147720920471","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Potorti F, Crivello A, Barsocchi P, et al. Evaluation of indoor localisation systems: comments on the ISO\/IEC 18305 standard. In: Proceedings of the 2018 9th international conference on indoor positioning and indoor navigation (IPIN), Nantes, 24\u201327 September 2018, pp.1\u20137. New York: IEEE.","DOI":"10.1109\/IPIN.2018.8533710"},{"key":"bibr5-1550147720920471","first-page":"1","volume-title":"Proceedings of the 2019 international conference on indoor positioning and indoor navigation (IPIN)","author":"Furfari F"},{"key":"bibr6-1550147720920471","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/TAES.1984.310439"},{"key":"bibr7-1550147720920471","volume-title":"Detection, estimation, and modulation theory, part I: detection, estimation, and filtering theory","author":"Van Trees H","year":"2013","edition":"2"},{"key":"bibr8-1550147720920471","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/78.482013"},{"key":"bibr9-1550147720920471","volume-title":"Estimation with applications to tracking and navigation: theory, algorithms and software","author":"Bar-Shalom Y","year":"2004"},{"key":"bibr10-1550147720920471","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1117\/12.327141"},{"key":"bibr11-1550147720920471","first-page":"58","volume-title":"Proceedings of the 2010 second international conference on networks security, wireless communications and trusted computing (NSWCTC)","volume":"2","author":"Lv X"},{"key":"bibr12-1550147720920471","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1049\/el.2014.3700"},{"key":"bibr13-1550147720920471","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/TIM.2016.2596078"},{"key":"bibr14-1550147720920471","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.automatica.2005.12.018"},{"key":"bibr15-1550147720920471","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/TAC.2015.2457112"},{"key":"bibr16-1550147720920471","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/s16060918"},{"key":"bibr17-1550147720920471","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/LAWP.2018.2875162"},{"key":"bibr18-1550147720920471","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1049\/iet-rsn.2016.0314"},{"key":"bibr19-1550147720920471","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/TAES.1975.308023"},{"key":"bibr20-1550147720920471","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1049\/ip-rsn:20000554"},{"key":"bibr21-1550147720920471","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1049\/ip-rsn:20000322"},{"key":"bibr22-1550147720920471","first-page":"85","volume-title":"Proceedings of the 2009 12th international conference on information fusion","author":"Yang C"},{"key":"bibr23-1550147720920471","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/TVT.2009.2017270"},{"key":"bibr24-1550147720920471","first-page":"2450","volume-title":"Proceedings of the 2015 IEEE international conference on information and automation","author":"Li X"},{"key":"bibr25-1550147720920471","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s10291-008-0111-2"},{"key":"bibr26-1550147720920471","first-page":"3473","volume":"6","author":"Yu K","year":"2007","journal-title":"IEEE Trans Wirel Commun"},{"key":"bibr27-1550147720920471","first-page":"1514","volume-title":"Proceedings of the 2018 9th international conference on information and communication technology convergence (ICTC)","author":"Youn J"},{"key":"bibr28-1550147720920471","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1049\/el:20064410"},{"key":"bibr29-1550147720920471","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/LCOMM.2018.2833544"},{"key":"bibr30-1550147720920471","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1049\/iet-rsn.2017.0117"},{"key":"bibr31-1550147720920471","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/LCOMM.2019.2948175"},{"key":"bibr32-1550147720920471","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/ACCESS.2019.2962811"},{"key":"bibr33-1550147720920471","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/TAES.2017.2667999"},{"key":"bibr34-1550147720920471","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/TSP.2014.2338835"},{"key":"bibr35-1550147720920471","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/s130810386"},{"key":"bibr36-1550147720920471","first-page":"451","volume-title":"Proceedings of the 1988 22nd Asilomar conference on signals, systems & computers","author":"Payne AN"},{"key":"bibr37-1550147720920471","first-page":"1444","volume-title":"Proceedings of the 2006 IEEE international conference on control applications","author":"Ferdowsi M"},{"key":"bibr38-1550147720920471","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/TAES.2009.5259193"},{"key":"bibr39-1550147720920471","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/TAES.2015.140531"},{"key":"bibr40-1550147720920471","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2514\/1.G000362"},{"key":"bibr41-1550147720920471","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1201\/9781420010510"},{"key":"bibr42-1550147720920471","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/TSP.2014.2314064"},{"key":"bibr43-1550147720920471","volume-title":"Linear algebra and geometry","author":"Shafarevich IR","year":"2012"},{"key":"bibr44-1550147720920471","first-page":"26","volume":"18","author":"Van Diggelen F","year":"2007","journal-title":"GPS World"},{"key":"bibr45-1550147720920471","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.sigpro.2007.11.013"},{"key":"bibr46-1550147720920471","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/00207179.2013.792606"}],"container-title":["International Journal of Distributed Sensor Networks"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"http:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1177\/1550147720920471","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"http:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/doi\/full-xml\/10.1177\/1550147720920471","content-type":"application\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"http:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1177\/1550147720920471","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2020,5,13]],"date-time":"2020-05-13T09:35:45Z","timestamp":1589362545000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"http:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/doi\/10.1177\/1550147720920471"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2020,5]]},"references-count":46,"journal-issue":{"issue":"5","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2020,5]]}},"alternative-id":["10.1177\/1550147720920471"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/1550147720920471","relation":{},"ISSN":["1550-1477","1550-1477"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1550-1477","type":"print"},{"value":"1550-1477","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2020,5]]}}}