{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,11]],"date-time":"2025-11-11T13:38:26Z","timestamp":1762868306687,"version":"3.40.5"},"reference-count":42,"publisher":"SAGE Publications","issue":"10","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2020,10,1]],"date-time":"2020-10-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1601510400000},"content-version":"unspecified","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["journals.sagepub.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["International Journal of Distributed Sensor Networks"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2020,10]]},"abstract":"<jats:p> Internet of things have emerged enough due to its applications in a wide range of fields such as governance, industry, healthcare, and smart environments (home, smart, cities, and so on). Internet of things\u2013based networks connect smart devices ubiquitously. In such scenario, the role of wireless sensor networks becomes vital in order to enhance the ubiquity of the Internet of things devices with lower cost and easy deployment. The sensor nodes are limited in terms of energy storage, processing, and data storage capabilities, while their radio frequencies are very sensitive to noise and interference. These factors consequently threaten the energy consumption, lifetime, and throughput of network. One way to cope with energy consumption issue is energy harvesting techniques used in wireless sensor network\u2013based Internet of things. However, some recent studies addressed the problems of clustering and routing in energy harvesting wireless sensor networks which either concentrate on energy efficiency or quality of service. There is a need of an adequate approach that can perform efficiently in terms of energy utilization as well as to ensure the quality of service. In this article, a novel protocol named energy-efficient multi-attribute-based clustering scheme (E<jats:sup>2<\/jats:sup>-MACH) is proposed which addresses the energy efficiency and communication reliability. It uses selection criteria of reliable cluster head based on a weighted function defined by multiple attributes such as link statistics, neighborhood density, current residual energy, and the rate of energy harvesting of nodes. The consideration of such parameters in cluster head selection helps to preserve the node\u2019s energy and reduce its consumption by sending data over links possessing better signal-to-noise ratio and hence ensure minimum packet loss. The minimized packet loss ratio contributes toward enhanced network throughput, energy consumption, and lifetime with better service availability for Internet of things applications. A set of experiments using network simulator 2 revealed that our proposed approach outperforms the state-of-the-art low-energy adaptive clustering hierarchy and other recent protocols in terms of first-node death, overall energy consumption, and network throughput. <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1177\/1550147720968047","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2020,10,23]],"date-time":"2020-10-23T06:51:16Z","timestamp":1603435876000},"page":"155014772096804","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/sage-journals-update-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":14,"title":["E<sup>2<\/sup>-MACH: Energy efficient multi-attribute based clustering scheme for energy harvesting wireless sensor networks"],"prefix":"10.1177","volume":"16","author":[{"given":"Inam Ul","family":"Haq","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Center for Excellence in Information Technology, Institute of Management Sciences, Peshawar, Pakistan"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6827-0184","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Qaisar","family":"Javaid","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Computer Science and Software Engineering, International Islamic University, Islamabad, Pakistan"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Zahid","family":"Ullah","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Center for Excellence in Information Technology, Institute of Management Sciences, Peshawar, Pakistan"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Zafar","family":"Zaheer","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Center for Excellence in Information Technology, Institute of Management Sciences, Peshawar, Pakistan"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Mohsin","family":"Raza","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Computer Science and Information Sciences, Northumbria University, Newcastle Upon Tyne, UK"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2674-2489","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Muhammad","family":"Khalid","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Computer Science and Information Sciences, Northumbria University, Newcastle Upon Tyne, UK"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Ghufran","family":"Ahmed","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Computer Science, National University of Computer and Emerging Sciences (NUCES), Karachi, Pakistan"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Saleem","family":"Khan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"COMSATS University Islamabad, Attock, Pakistan"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"179","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2020,10,22]]},"reference":[{"key":"bibr1-1550147720968047","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/s151024818"},{"key":"bibr2-1550147720968047","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.comnet.2010.05.010"},{"key":"bibr3-1550147720968047","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/s141224188"},{"key":"bibr4-1550147720968047","first-page":"304","volume":"31","author":"Arjunan S","year":"2017","journal-title":"J King Saud Univ Comput Inform Sci"},{"key":"bibr5-1550147720968047","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/ACCESS.2019.2904322"},{"key":"bibr6-1550147720968047","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s13638-018-1064-y"},{"issue":"2","key":"bibr7-1550147720968047","first-page":"357370","volume":"12","author":"Ullah Z","year":"2019","journal-title":"Peer Netw Appl"},{"key":"bibr8-1550147720968047","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/s120811113"},{"key":"bibr9-1550147720968047","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/s110403498"},{"key":"bibr10-1550147720968047","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1155\/2017\/7539751"},{"key":"bibr11-1550147720968047","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/MWC.2004.1368893"},{"issue":"21","key":"bibr12-1550147720968047","first-page":"11","volume":"12","author":"Hassan AAH","year":"2017","journal-title":"Int J Appl Eng Res"},{"key":"bibr13-1550147720968047","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.future.2017.10.027"},{"key":"bibr14-1550147720968047","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-319-03107-1_31"},{"issue":"3","key":"bibr15-1550147720968047","first-page":"408","volume":"8","author":"Khalid M","year":"2017","journal-title":"Int J Adv Comput Sci Appl"},{"key":"bibr16-1550147720968047","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/s17051084"},{"key":"bibr17-1550147720968047","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s11276-015-1150-6"},{"key":"bibr18-1550147720968047","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/s16040448"},{"issue":"6","key":"bibr19-1550147720968047","first-page":"2062","volume":"24","author":"Liu Q","year":"2016","journal-title":"IEEE T Very Large Scale Integr"},{"key":"bibr20-1550147720968047","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.compeleceng.2017.08.022"},{"key":"bibr21-1550147720968047","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cose.2018.04.015"},{"key":"bibr22-1550147720968047","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S1005-8885(15)60669-0"},{"key":"bibr23-1550147720968047","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/ACCESS.2019.2899752"},{"issue":"5","key":"bibr24-1550147720968047","first-page":"780","volume":"13","author":"Muhammad A","year":"2018","journal-title":"IET Intel Transp Syst"},{"first-page":"1241","volume-title":"2010 24th IEEE international conference on advanced information networking and applications","author":"Khan FA","key":"bibr25-1550147720968047"},{"key":"bibr26-1550147720968047","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s10766-018-0586-6"},{"key":"bibr27-1550147720968047","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/HICSS.2000.926982"},{"key":"bibr28-1550147720968047","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.comcom.2006.02.017"},{"volume-title":"SEP: a stable election protocol for clustered heterogeneous wireless sensor networks","author":"Smaragdakis G","key":"bibr29-1550147720968047"},{"key":"bibr30-1550147720968047","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.comcom.2008.11.025"},{"key":"bibr31-1550147720968047","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.15837\/ijccc.2011.1.2206"},{"key":"bibr32-1550147720968047","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/s18051520"},{"key":"bibr33-1550147720968047","first-page":"2078627","volume":"2018","author":"Purkar SV","year":"2018","journal-title":"J Comput Netw Commun"},{"key":"bibr34-1550147720968047","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.compeleceng.2015.06.019"},{"issue":"2","key":"bibr35-1550147720968047","first-page":"1050","volume":"19","author":"Gupta V","year":"2016","journal-title":"Eng Sci Tech"},{"key":"bibr36-1550147720968047","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.adhoc.2015.01.004"},{"key":"bibr37-1550147720968047","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1504\/IJAHUC.2018.093330"},{"key":"bibr38-1550147720968047","first-page":"134","volume":"44","author":"Xu X","year":"2017","journal-title":"Comput Sci"},{"key":"bibr39-1550147720968047","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1155\/2018\/6839671"},{"key":"bibr40-1550147720968047","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/electronics7070103"},{"key":"bibr41-1550147720968047","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/1274858.1274870"},{"volume-title":"2015 international conference on wireless communications and signal processing (WCSP)","author":"Li J","key":"bibr42-1550147720968047"}],"container-title":["International Journal of Distributed Sensor Networks"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"http:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1177\/1550147720968047","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"http:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/doi\/full-xml\/10.1177\/1550147720968047","content-type":"application\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"http:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1177\/1550147720968047","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2020,10,23]],"date-time":"2020-10-23T06:51:31Z","timestamp":1603435891000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"http:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/doi\/10.1177\/1550147720968047"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2020,10]]},"references-count":42,"journal-issue":{"issue":"10","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2020,10]]}},"alternative-id":["10.1177\/1550147720968047"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/1550147720968047","relation":{},"ISSN":["1550-1477","1550-1477"],"issn-type":[{"type":"print","value":"1550-1477"},{"type":"electronic","value":"1550-1477"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2020,10]]}}}