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A total of 85 studies were included: workflow analysis (n = 26), anatomy recognition and segmentation (n = 14), safety assessment (n = 14), instrument detection (n = 12), tissue\/image characterization (n = 7), event detection and scene understanding (n = 6), and surgical performance assessment (n = 6). The performance of the computer vision models in the studies was heterogeneous, with accuracy, F1-score, mean average precision, Dice coefficient, mean absolute error, and area under the receiver operating characteristic curve being commonly reported. Despite strong model performances in several studies, implementation in the clinical setting remains a challenge. 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