{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,1]],"date-time":"2026-05-01T14:32:07Z","timestamp":1777645927911,"version":"3.51.4"},"reference-count":68,"publisher":"SAGE Publications","issue":"7","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,3,27]],"date-time":"2021-03-27T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1616803200000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/page\/policies\/text-and-data-mining-license"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["journals.sagepub.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Games and Culture"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2021,11]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>Gaming is an increasingly acceptable outlet for recreation, social engagement, and professional practice. Despite this acceptance, perceptions of \u201cgamers\u201d have been slower to evolve. The traditional stereotype associated with the \u201cgamer\u201d label has persisted in popular culture and acts to perpetuate and reinforce the negative elements associated with gaming. The stereotype\u2019s persistence begs the question of whether current gamers see themselves as having stereotypical traits and whether non-gamers would attribute these traits to game players. This study uses an established model of social perception to explore differences in perceptions of the gamer stereotype and game players among both self-identified gamers and non-gamers in the United States. The results show differences in perceptions between the stereotype and game players, reflecting persistence of the stereotype and recognition that it is not universally applicable to players themselves. Self-identified gamers also perceived themselves as exhibiting more positive and less stereotypical traits than \u201cgamer\u201d implies.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1177\/15554120211005234","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,3,27]],"date-time":"2021-03-27T05:11:28Z","timestamp":1616821888000},"page":"907-931","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/sage-journals-update-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":9,"title":["Uncovering the Meaning: Exploring Semantic Differences in US Perceptions of \u201cGamer\u201d and Game Players"],"prefix":"10.1177","volume":"16","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8417-0431","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jeffrey A.","family":"Stone","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Information Sciences and Technology, Penn State University, Center Valley, PA, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"179","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,3,27]]},"reference":[{"key":"bibr2-15554120211005234","volume-title":"Rise of the video game zinesters","author":"Anthropy A.","year":"2012"},{"issue":"2","key":"bibr3-15554120211005234","first-page":"7","volume":"47","author":"Arias Gonz\u00e1lez V.","year":"2016","journal-title":"Zero Century"},{"key":"bibr4-15554120211005234","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.chb.2015.09.041"},{"key":"bibr5-15554120211005234","volume-title":"Die tryin\u2019: Video games, masculinity, culture","author":"Burrill D. A.","year":"2008"},{"key":"bibr6-15554120211005234","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1745-3992.2010.00191.x"},{"issue":"2","key":"bibr7-15554120211005234","first-page":"75","volume":"3","author":"B\u0105k O.","year":"2001","journal-title":"Archives of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy"},{"key":"bibr8-15554120211005234","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/1555412018786652"},{"key":"bibr9-15554120211005234","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/1354856514527205"},{"key":"bibr10-15554120211005234","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.7551\/mitpress\/12109.001.0001"},{"key":"bibr11-15554120211005234","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/1555412015587603"},{"key":"bibr12-15554120211005234","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/1555412015624742"},{"key":"bibr13-15554120211005234","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/joc\/jqaa028"},{"key":"bibr14-15554120211005234","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/jcc4.12114"},{"issue":"2","key":"bibr15-15554120211005234","first-page":"48","volume-title":"Press Start","volume":"3","author":"Deshbandhu A.","year":"2016"},{"key":"bibr16-15554120211005234","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1006\/jesp.1995.1018"},{"key":"bibr17-15554120211005234","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/1555412019864857"},{"key":"bibr18-15554120211005234","volume-title":"2019 Essential facts about the computer and video Game industry","author":"Entertainment Software Association","year":"2019"},{"issue":"1","key":"bibr19-15554120211005234","first-page":"115","volume-title":"Press Start","volume":"3","author":"Euteneuer J. S.","year":"2016"},{"key":"bibr20-15554120211005234","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.14321\/qed.2.2.0125"},{"key":"bibr21-15554120211005234","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.chb.2013.07.014"},{"key":"bibr22-15554120211005234","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/3173574.3173667"},{"key":"bibr23-15554120211005234","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1598\/RRQ.31.4.3"},{"key":"bibr24-15554120211005234","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/1369118X.2011.642401"},{"key":"bibr25-15554120211005234","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/soc4.12458"},{"key":"bibr26-15554120211005234","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Harrell D.F. (2009). Computational and cognitive infrastructures of stigma: Empowering identity in social computing and gaming. In Proceedings of the seventh ACM conference on creativity and cognition, Berkeley California, USA, 26-30 October 2009. New York, NY: ACM, (pp. 49-58).","DOI":"10.1145\/1640233.1640244"},{"key":"bibr27-15554120211005234","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/1555412008325477"},{"key":"bibr28-15554120211005234","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.chb.2014.02.026"},{"key":"bibr29-15554120211005234","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.11144\/Javeriana.upsy17-4.usdt"},{"key":"bibr31-15554120211005234","volume-title":"A casual revolution: Reinventing video games and their players","author":"Juul J.","year":"2010"},{"key":"bibr32-15554120211005234","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1540-5931.2011.00846.x"},{"key":"bibr33-15554120211005234","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.4135\/9781446211410"},{"key":"bibr34-15554120211005234","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/ejsp.1978"},{"key":"bibr35-15554120211005234","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1037\/0003-066X.49.4.294"},{"key":"bibr36-15554120211005234","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.chb.2014.05.004"},{"key":"bibr37-15554120211005234","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1089\/cyber.2013.0118"},{"key":"bibr38-15554120211005234","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.4159\/9780674039889"},{"key":"bibr39-15554120211005234","first-page":"1","volume-title":"Social, casual and mobile games: The changing gaming landscape","author":"Leaver T.","year":"2016"},{"key":"bibr40-15554120211005234","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/1461444815608807"},{"key":"bibr41-15554120211005234","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1037\/0022-3514.64.5.723"},{"key":"bibr42-15554120211005234","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/1555412017732855"},{"key":"bibr43-15554120211005234","first-page":"380","volume-title":"The Routledge companion to video game studies","author":"Newman M. Z.","year":"2016"},{"key":"bibr44-15554120211005234","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.chb.2014.04.047"},{"key":"bibr45-15554120211005234","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/casp.2224"},{"key":"bibr46-15554120211005234","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/1555412017709418"},{"key":"bibr47-15554120211005234","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/0731121419837588"},{"key":"bibr48-15554120211005234","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1037\/h0055737"},{"key":"bibr49-15554120211005234","volume-title":"The Measurement of meaning (No. 47)","author":"Osgood C. E.","year":"1957"},{"key":"bibr50-15554120211005234","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s11199-016-0678-y"},{"key":"bibr51-15554120211005234","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/3130859.3131438"},{"key":"bibr53-15554120211005234","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-319-66077-6"},{"key":"bibr54-15554120211005234","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/1555412019866348"},{"key":"bibr55-15554120211005234","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/1555412009360414"},{"key":"bibr56-15554120211005234","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/1461444811410394"},{"key":"bibr57-15554120211005234","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.14321\/qed.2.2.0064"},{"key":"bibr58-15554120211005234","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/jcc4.12159"},{"issue":"1","key":"bibr59-15554120211005234","first-page":"213","volume":"24","author":"Sherry J. L.","year":"2006","journal-title":"Playing video games: Motives, Responses, and Consequences"},{"issue":"1","key":"bibr60-15554120211005234","first-page":"1","volume":"9","author":"Steltenpohl C. N.","year":"2018","journal-title":"Global Journal of Community Psychology Practice"},{"key":"bibr1-15554120211005234","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/1461444819854733"},{"key":"bibr61-15554120211005234","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.7551\/mitpress\/8624.001.0001"},{"key":"bibr62-15554120211005234","volume":"2","author":"Vanderhoef J.","year":"2013","journal-title":"Ada: A Journal of Gender, New Media, and Technology"},{"key":"bibr63-15554120211005234","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/08838151.2016.1164169"},{"key":"bibr64-15554120211005234","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.chb.2017.01.054"},{"key":"bibr65-15554120211005234","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1083-6101.2008.00428.x"},{"key":"bibr66-15554120211005234","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.chb.2015.03.056"},{"key":"bibr67-15554120211005234","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/02614367.2019.1640778"},{"key":"bibr68-15554120211005234","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1089\/cpb.2006.9.772"},{"key":"bibr69-15554120211005234","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.7551\/mitpress\/7477.003.0010"},{"key":"bibr70-15554120211005234","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.chb.2015.05.034"}],"container-title":["Games and Culture"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1177\/15554120211005234","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/doi\/full-xml\/10.1177\/15554120211005234","content-type":"application\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1177\/15554120211005234","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,29]],"date-time":"2026-04-29T06:33:47Z","timestamp":1777444427000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/doi\/10.1177\/15554120211005234"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2021,3,27]]},"references-count":68,"journal-issue":{"issue":"7","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2021,11]]}},"alternative-id":["10.1177\/15554120211005234"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/15554120211005234","relation":{},"ISSN":["1555-4120","1555-4139"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1555-4120","type":"print"},{"value":"1555-4139","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2021,3,27]]}}}