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We conducted interviews and focus groups with three stakeholder groups\u2014biomedical HIV researchers (n\u2009=\u200912), institutional review board (IRB) members (n\u2009=\u200912), and people living with HIV (PLWH) (n\u2009=\u200969)\u2014to explore their perspectives on incentives and ethical decision-making in biomedical HIV research. Our findings revealed disparities in perspectives; researchers and IRB members were most concerned about offering high incentives, while PLWH were most concerned about incentives being too low. Consensus highlighted the need for diverse incentive options, transparency, standardized guidelines, and community engagement to address both ethical and practical challenges.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1177\/15562646261441345","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,16]],"date-time":"2026-04-16T13:11:13Z","timestamp":1776345073000},"page":"210-219","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/sage-journals-update-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":2,"title":["Determining Ethical Incentives in Biomedical HIV Research: Insights from Researchers, Regulators, and People Living with HIV"],"prefix":"10.1177","volume":"21","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3077-1426","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Karah Y.","family":"Greene","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6348-4108","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Brandon","family":"Brown","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Social Medicine, Population, and Public Health, University of California, Riverside School of Medicine, Riverside, CA, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8732-6959","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jerome T.","family":"Galea","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jasmine L.","family":"Lopez","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Psychology, University of California, Riverside, Riverside, CA, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3458-1539","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Karine","family":"Dub\u00e9","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jeff","family":"Taylor","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"HIV + Aging Research Project\u2013Palm Springs, Palm Springs, CA, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8138-1217","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Christopher","family":"Christensen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"HIV + Aging Research Project\u2013Palm Springs, Palm Springs, CA, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4706-3482","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Andrea N.","family":"Polonijo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Sociology and the Health Sciences Research Institute, University of California, Merced, Merced, CA, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"179","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,16]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_3_3_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/10508422.2018.1535976"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_3_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/15265161.2020.1870763"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_4_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pmed.1002443"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_5_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/medethics-2020-106901"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_6_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S2352-3018(16)30150-3"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_7_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/eahr.404002"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_8_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/1556264620987773"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_9_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/1556264619869538"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_10_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/QAI.0000000000003199"},{"issue":"46","key":"e_1_3_3_11_1","first-page":"1","article-title":"Ethical considerations around volunteer payments in a malaria human infection study in Kenya: An embedded empirical ethics study","volume":"23","author":"Chi P. 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