{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,10]],"date-time":"2026-09-10T06:06:48Z","timestamp":1789020408225,"version":"build-2803163510"},"reference-count":29,"publisher":"SAGE Publications","issue":"4","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,26]],"date-time":"2026-05-26T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1779753600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,26]],"date-time":"2026-05-26T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1779753600000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/page\/policies\/text-and-data-mining-license"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100002790","name":"Canadian Network for Research and Innovation in Machining Technology, Natural Sciences and Engineering Research Council of Canada","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["Discovery"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["Discovery"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100002790","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["journals.sagepub.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Journal of Empirical Research on Human Research Ethics"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,10]]},"abstract":"<jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Purpose<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>This Commentary examines whether current ethics approval systems for medical research, grounded in the Belmont Report's principles of respect for persons, beneficence, and justice, paradoxically result in preventable deaths by delaying patient access to experimental therapies and proposes a framework for democratizing ethics oversight while maintaining safety.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Findings<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Peer-reviewed evidence demonstrates that ethics delays impose mortality costs that vastly exceed the harms they prevent, particularly for terminal illnesses. Bayesian decision analysis confirms current statistical thresholds are substantially more conservative than optimal for fatal diseases. COVID-19 pandemic responses proved that regulatory timelines can be dramatically compressed through organizational innovation, including accelerated vaccine development and distributed open-source manufacturing, without sacrificing safety.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>A five-part framework can enable patient autonomy in research ethics while preserving robust safeguards against exploitation: tiered consent based on disease severity, adaptive trial designs with patient governance, mandatory open-source transparency, post-market surveillance, and independent safety monitoring with patient representation.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1177\/15562646261453477","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,26]],"date-time":"2026-05-26T07:22:09Z","timestamp":1779780129000},"page":"395-400","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/sage-journals-update-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Ethics as if Your Life Depended on It"],"prefix":"10.1177","volume":"21","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9802-3056","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Joshua M.","family":"Pearce","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Western University"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"179","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,26]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_3_3_2_1","unstructured":"Act on the Safety of Regenerative Medicine\u2014English\u2014Japanese Law Translation. (n.d.). Retrieved April 9 2026 from https:\/\/www.japaneselawtranslation.go.jp\/en\/laws\/view\/4980\/en"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_3_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fphar.2025.1570899"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_4_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/JCP.0000000000001990"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_5_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/nrd4129"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_6_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1192\/bjp.2024.88"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_7_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.292.13.1593"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_8_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jeconom.2018.12.009"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_9_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/978-1-4684-2223-8_17"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_10_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2307\/3528467"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_11_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.vaccine.2021.03.077"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_12_1","volume-title":"For the common good: Philosophical foundations of research ethics","author":"London A. J.","year":"2021","unstructured":"London A. J. (2021). For the common good: Philosophical foundations of research ethics. Oxford University Press."},{"key":"e_1_3_3_13_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fphar.2025.1595497"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_14_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3386\/w29574"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_15_1","unstructured":"NAM. (2025 September 5). Effectiveness of COVID-19 vaccines under operation warp speed\u2014NAM. https:\/\/nam.edu\/news-and-insights\/statement-on-effectiveness-of-covid-19-vaccines-under-operation-warp-speed\/"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_16_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/1472-6939-14-28"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_17_1","unstructured":"OECD. (2026). Trust in government. OECD. OECD. https:\/\/www.oecd.org\/en\/topics\/trust-in-government.html"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_18_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1017\/CBO9780511606250"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_19_1","unstructured":"Open Source Medical Supplies. (2026). Open Source Medical Supplies. https:\/\/opensourcemedicalsupplies.org\/"},{"issue":"2","key":"e_1_3_3_20_1","first-page":"1","article-title":"Distributed manufacturing of open source medical hardware for pandemics","volume":"4","author":"Pearce J. M.","unstructured":"Pearce J. M. (2020a). Distributed manufacturing of open source medical hardware for pandemics. Journal of Manufacturing and Materials Processing, 4(2), 1\u201326. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/jmmp4020049","journal-title":"Journal of Manufacturing and Materials Processing"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_21_1","article-title":"Economic savings for scientific free and open source technology: A review","volume":"8","author":"Pearce J. M.","unstructured":"Pearce J. M. (2020b). Economic savings for scientific free and open source technology: A review. HardwareX, 8, e00139. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.ohx.2020.e00139","journal-title":"HardwareX"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_22_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1086\/260107"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_23_1","unstructured":"Protections (OHRP) O. for H. R. (2018 January 15). Read the belmont report [Page]. https:\/\/www.hhs.gov\/ohrp\/regulations-and-policy\/belmont-report\/read-the-belmont-report\/index.html"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_24_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/jme.9.2.76"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_25_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s10147-025-02756-8"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_26_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s10637-025-01549-0"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_27_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/cancers12082313"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_28_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/cpt197415173"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_29_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.plas.2021.100019"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_30_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/immadv\/ltae011"}],"container-title":["Journal of Empirical Research on Human Research Ethics"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1177\/15562646261453477","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/doi\/full-xml\/10.1177\/15562646261453477","content-type":"application\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1177\/15562646261453477","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,10]],"date-time":"2026-09-10T05:16:27Z","timestamp":1789017387000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/doi\/10.1177\/15562646261453477"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,26]]},"references-count":29,"journal-issue":{"issue":"4","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,10]]}},"alternative-id":["10.1177\/15562646261453477"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/15562646261453477","relation":{},"ISSN":["1556-2646","1556-2654"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1556-2646","type":"print"},{"value":"1556-2654","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,26]]}}}