{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,14]],"date-time":"2026-09-14T22:44:51Z","timestamp":1789425891859,"version":"build-2803163510"},"reference-count":51,"publisher":"SAGE Publications","issue":"3","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,5,20]],"date-time":"2025-05-20T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1747699200000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/page\/policies\/text-and-data-mining-license"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["journals.sagepub.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["HSS Journal\u00ae: The Musculoskeletal Journal of Hospital for Special Surgery"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2025,8]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>Artificial intelligence (AI) has emerged as a transformative force in orthopedic surgery. Potentially encompassing pre-, intra-, and postoperative processes, it can process complex medical imaging, provide real-time surgical guidance, and analyze large datasets for outcome prediction and optimization. AI has shown improvements in surgical precision, efficiency, and patient outcomes across orthopedic subspecialties, and large language models and agentic AI systems are expanding AI utility beyond surgical applications into areas such as clinical documentation, patient education, and autonomous decision support. The successful implementation of AI in orthopedic surgery requires careful attention to validation, regulatory compliance, and healthcare system integration. As these technologies continue to advance, maintaining the balance between innovation and patient safety remains crucial, with the ultimate goal of achieving more personalized, efficient, and equitable healthcare delivery while preserving the essential role of human clinical judgment. This review examines the current landscape and future trajectory of AI applications in orthopedic surgery, highlighting both technological advances and their clinical impact. Studies have suggested that AI-assisted procedures achieve higher accuracy and better functional outcomes compared to conventional methods, while reducing operative times and complications. However, these technologies are designed to augment rather than replace clinical expertise, serving as sophisticated tools to enhance surgeons\u2019 capabilities and improve patient care.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1177\/15563316251339596","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,5,20]],"date-time":"2025-05-20T07:35:53Z","timestamp":1747726553000},"page":"267-273","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/sage-journals-update-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":20,"title":["Artificial Intelligence and Musculoskeletal Surgical Applications"],"prefix":"10.1177","volume":"21","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9721-685X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Felix C.","family":"Oettl","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Balgrist University Hospital, University of Z\u00fcrich, Zurich, Switzerland"},{"name":"Hospital for Special Surgery, New York, NY, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"B\u00e1lint","family":"Zsidai","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Orthopaedics, Institute of Clinical Sciences, Sahlgrenska Academy, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden"},{"name":"Sahlgrenska Sports Medicine Center, G\u00f6teborg, Sweden"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4562-4373","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jacob F.","family":"Oeding","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Orthopaedics, Institute of Clinical Sciences, Sahlgrenska Academy, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden"},{"name":"Mayo Clinic Alix School of Medicine, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Kristian","family":"Samuelsson","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Orthopaedics, Institute of Clinical Sciences, Sahlgrenska Academy, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden"},{"name":"Sahlgrenska Sports Medicine Center, G\u00f6teborg, Sweden"},{"name":"Department of Health and Rehabilitation, Institute of Neuroscience and Physiology, Sahlgrenska Academy, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"179","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,5,20]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_3_2_2_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-022-26647-4"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_3_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.21037\/jss-20-687"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_4_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/bmjopen-2023-076484"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_5_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/3630106.3658948"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_6_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s40634-023-00700-1"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_7_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/frai.2023.1169595"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_8_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1001\/jamasurg.2021.3012"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_9_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0314991"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_10_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/prosthesis6040052"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_11_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/diagnostics14121253"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_12_2","article-title":"LLM multi-agent systems: challenges and open problems","volume":"2024","author":"Han S","year":"2024","unstructured":"Han S, Zhang Q, Yao Y, Jin W, Xu Z, He C. 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