{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,29]],"date-time":"2026-04-29T09:56:26Z","timestamp":1777456586431,"version":"3.51.4"},"reference-count":37,"publisher":"SAGE Publications","issue":"10","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,1]],"date-time":"2025-10-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1759276800000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/page\/policies\/text-and-data-mining-license"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["journals.sagepub.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Breastfeeding Medicine"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2025,10]]},"abstract":"<jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Introduction:<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      Human milk is the optimal source of nutrition and bioactives for infants, particularly preterm infants, who are at higher risk of morbidity and mortality. Many premature infants require pasteurized donor human milk (PDHM) to supplement their diet. Given the increased susceptibility of preterm infants to infections, PDHM is strictly regulated to ensure safety. Pasteurization of human milk eliminates most pathogens. However, spore-forming bacteria, notably\n                      <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">Bacillus cereus<\/jats:italic>\n                      and other\n                      <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">Bacillus<\/jats:italic>\n                      species, are capable of surviving pasteurization. These bacteria contribute significantly to PDHM discard rates, which average approximately 5\u201310% of the final donor milk products, making it a leading cause of contamination-related waste.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Objective:<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>The University of California Health Milk Bank adopted at their inception in 2020, a novel pre-pasteurization screening protocol with the aim to reduce discard rates. This study examines 3 years of data to assess the protocol\u2019s effectiveness and cost efficiency.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results:<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      Ninety-eight percent of post-pasteurization positive cultures were\n                      <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">Bacillus<\/jats:italic>\n                      species. Following a pre-pasteurization screening protocol, the total discard rate due to\n                      <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">Bacillus<\/jats:italic>\n                      contamination was 3.1%\u20141.9% pre-pasteurization and 1.2% post-pasteurization. Without pre-pasteurization screening, 10.7% of PDHM could have potentially been discarded due to\n                      <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">Bacillus<\/jats:italic>\n                      contamination. The cost of pre-pasteurization screening of donor milk was $60,069 over 3 years, and the potential reduction in discard-related losses was 1,942,800 mL (64,760 ounces), with a value of approximately $323,800 for a return on investment of $4.39 per dollar spent.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusions:<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>The findings highlight the role of pre-pasteurization screening cultures as a cost-effective method of reducing product loss.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1177\/15568253251364882","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,9,26]],"date-time":"2025-09-26T21:11:56Z","timestamp":1758921116000},"page":"756-761","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/sage-journals-update-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["<i>Bacillus<\/i>\n                    Pre-Pasteurization Screening Protocol Reduces Donor Human Milk Loss"],"prefix":"10.1177","volume":"20","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1671-0934","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Sydney","family":"McCune","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Human Milk Institute (HMI), University of California San Diego, La Jolla, California, USA."},{"name":"Larsson-Rosenquist Foundation Mother-Milk-Infant Center of Research Excellence (MOMI CORE), University of California San Diego, La Jolla, California, USA."},{"name":"Department of Pediatrics, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, California, USA."}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8319-8643","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Lisa","family":"Stellwagen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Human Milk Institute (HMI), University of California San Diego, La Jolla, California, USA."},{"name":"Department of Pediatrics, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, California, USA."},{"name":"University of California Health Milk Bank, San Diego, California, USA."}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Carrie L.","family":"Byington","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Human Milk Institute (HMI), University of California San Diego, La Jolla, California, USA."},{"name":"Department of Pediatrics, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, California, USA."}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Alison","family":"Wolf","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Human Milk Institute (HMI), University of California San Diego, La Jolla, California, USA."},{"name":"University of California Health Milk Bank, San Diego, California, USA."}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Nguyen","family":"Nguyen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Human Milk Institute (HMI), University of California San Diego, La Jolla, California, USA."},{"name":"University of California Health Milk Bank, San Diego, California, USA."}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9914-9571","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Lars","family":"Bode","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Human Milk Institute (HMI), University of California San Diego, La Jolla, California, USA."},{"name":"Larsson-Rosenquist Foundation Mother-Milk-Infant Center of Research Excellence (MOMI CORE), University of California San Diego, La Jolla, California, USA."},{"name":"Department of Pediatrics, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, California, USA."}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"179","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,14]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_3_5_2_2","volume-title":"Pediatric Nutrition","author":"American Academy of Pediatrics Committee on Nutrition","year":"2024","unstructured":"American Academy of Pediatrics Committee on Nutrition. 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