{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,1]],"date-time":"2026-07-01T15:45:49Z","timestamp":1782920749196,"version":"3.54.5"},"reference-count":42,"publisher":"SAGE Publications","issue":"7","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,23]],"date-time":"2026-05-23T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1779494400000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/page\/policies\/text-and-data-mining-license"}],"funder":[{"name":"Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["journals.sagepub.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Breastfeeding Medicine"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,1]]},"abstract":"<jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Objectives:<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>To examine hospital breastfeeding initiation trends and their association with COVID-19 pandemic and the infant formula shortage.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Methods:<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Using a multivariable logistic regression model, we examined associations between breastfeeding initiation and exposure to the COVID-19 pandemic and infant formula shortage, and the modifying roles of race\/ethnicity, residence, and WIC participation in 1,060,057 individuals aged 15\u201349 years with institutional childbirths in Florida between January 1, 2018, and December 31, 2022.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results:<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Overall, 922,922 (87.06%) initiated breastfeeding before hospital discharge. Initiation declined as COVID-19 progressed, but started increasing as the formula shortage hit and continued. The rates show a declining trend once the shortage was addressed. Compared with non-Hispanic White, the odds of breastfeeding initiation were higher for all groups except for non-Hispanic Black, and for urban than rural mothers. The odds increased with formula shortage onset for WIC beneficiaries across race\/ethnicities and among urban WIC beneficiaries compared with nonbeneficiaries.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusion:<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>The combined pressures of COVID-19 pandemic and formula scarcity increased breastfeeding initiation rates, especially in WIC beneficiaries. However, breastfeeding initiation rates returned to prepandemic levels as the formula shortage resolved.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1177\/15568253261450805","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,23]],"date-time":"2026-05-23T09:18:06Z","timestamp":1779527886000},"page":"368-378","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/sage-journals-update-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["The COVID-19 Pandemic and the 2022 Formula Shortage: Associations with Breastfeeding Initiation over 5 Years in the State of Florida, United States"],"prefix":"10.1177","volume":"21","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5844-8375","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Anirban","family":"Chatterjee","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Health Services Policy and Management, University of South Carolina Arnold School of Public Health, Columbia, South Carolina, USA."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0007-3836-5944","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Xuzhuo","family":"Zhao","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, University of South Carolina Arnold School of Public Health, Columbia, South Carolina, USA."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Peiyin","family":"Hung","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Health Services Policy and Management, University of South Carolina Arnold School of Public Health, Columbia, South Carolina, USA."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Xiaoming","family":"Li","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Health Promotion, Education and Behavior, University of South Carolina Arnold School of Public Health, Columbia, South Carolina, USA."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Bo","family":"Cai","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, University of South Carolina Arnold School of Public Health, Columbia, South Carolina, USA."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Nansi","family":"Boghossian","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, University of South Carolina Arnold School of Public Health, Columbia, South Carolina, USA."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jihong","family":"Liu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, University of South Carolina Arnold School of Public Health, Columbia, South Carolina, USA."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"179","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,23]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_3_2_2_1","unstructured":"1.World Health Organization. Breastfeeding. 2025. Available from: https:\/\/www.who.int\/health-topics\/breastfeeding#tab=tab_1 [Last accessed: April24 2025]."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_3_1","unstructured":"2.Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. Breastfeeding Report Card United States 2022. 2023. Available from: https:\/\/www.cdc.gov\/breastfeeding-data\/media\/pdfs\/2024\/06\/2022-Breastfeeding-Report-Card-508.pdf [Last accessed: April28 2025]."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_4_1","unstructured":"3.Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. Breastfeeding among U.S. children born 2015-2022 CDC NIS-Child. August 21. Available from: https:\/\/www.cdc.gov\/breastfeeding-data\/survey\/results.html [Last accessed: June29 2025]."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_5_1","unstructured":"4.Breastfeeding Expert Work Group Committee on Obstetric Practice. Optimizing Support for Breastfeeding as Part of Obstetric Practice: Committee Opinion Number 756. 2018. 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Available from: https:\/\/www.aap.org\/en\/patient-care\/newborn-and-infant-nutrition\/newborn-and-infant-breastfeeding\/?srsltid=AfmBOoreGNMASH7Wze71Adauinha_47wFPncsFIWxc9PkfRpU3i9gba6 [Last accessed: April24 2025]."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_7_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/0890334416651070\/ASSET\/D8AEDCE2-20EB-4FF9-9B97-4D0383710824\/ASSETS\/IMAGES\/LARGE\/10.1177_0890334416651070-FIG4.JPG"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_8_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/0890334409352854"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_9_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1089\/BFM.2023.0223"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_10_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2105\/AJPH.2023.307313"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_11_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1089\/bfm.2022.0039"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_12_1","unstructured":"11.U.S. Food & Drug Administration. FDA Investigation of Cronobacter Infections: Powdered Infant Formula. February 2022. 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Available from: https:\/\/www.cdc.gov\/breastfeeding-data\/survey\/results.html [Last accessed: April24 2025]."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_16_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1089\/BFM.2014.0152"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_17_1","unstructured":"16.Hodges L. Infants in USDA\u2019s WIC program consumed an estimated 56 percent of U.S. infant formula in 2018. Economic Research Service U.S. Department of Agriculture. May 23 2022. Available from: https:\/\/www.ers.usda.gov\/data-products\/charts-of-note\/chart-detail?chartId=103970 [Last accessed: July4 2025]."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_18_1","unstructured":"17.Paris M. Baby Formula Shortage Worsens to 74% Out of Stock in US. Bloomberg. June 2 2022. 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