{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,28]],"date-time":"2026-09-28T21:56:29Z","timestamp":1790632589150,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":23,"publisher":"SAGE Publications","issue":"9","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,9]],"date-time":"2026-06-09T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1780963200000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/page\/policies\/text-and-data-mining-license"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["journals.sagepub.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Breastfeeding Medicine"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,1]]},"abstract":"\n Background:<\/jats:title>\n Exclusive breastfeeding (EBF) provides health benefits, yet its continuation remains limited. Maternal endocrine disorders, including gestational hypothyroidism, may impair lactogenesis through hormonal dysregulation; however, evidence regarding the association between gestational hypothyroidism and breastfeeding outcomes remains limited.<\/jats:p>\n <\/jats:sec>\n \n Objective:<\/jats:title>\n To investigate the association between maternal gestational hypothyroidism and breastfeeding outcomes in term infants, with a focus on EBF at the end of the first month and formula-free breast milk feeding at 6 months.<\/jats:p>\n <\/jats:sec>\n \n Methods:<\/jats:title>\n \n This retrospective matched case\u2013control study compared term infants of mothers with gestational hypothyroidism treated with levothyroxine (\n n<\/jats:italic>\n = 103) and matched controls (\n n<\/jats:italic>\n = 103). Feeding data were obtained from medical records and 6-month telephone follow-up, and factors associated with early formula supplementation were analyzed using multivariable logistic regression.\n <\/jats:p>\n <\/jats:sec>\n \n Results:<\/jats:title>\n \n EBF rates were significantly lower in the case group at 1 month (58.3% versus 81.6%,\n p<\/jats:italic>\n < 0.001). Formula supplementation within the first postnatal day was more frequent in the case group than in controls (46.6% versus 21.4%; \u03c7\n 2<\/jats:sup>\n = 14.63,\n p<\/jats:italic>\n < 0.001). At 6 months, formula feeding\u2014either alone or combined with breastfeeding and\/or complementary foods\u2014was significantly more frequent in the case group (45.6% versus 25.2%,\n p<\/jats:italic>\n = 0.003). Among infants who ever received formula (\n n<\/jats:italic>\n = 84), formula was initiated during the first postnatal month more frequently in the case group (82.7% versus 59.4%,\n p<\/jats:italic>\n = 0.018), with earlier mean age at formula initiation (1.4 \u00b1 0.97 versus 2.3 \u00b1 1.51 months,\n p<\/jats:italic>\n = 0.003). Multivariable logistic regression showed that higher maternal gravidity was independently associated with early formula supplementation (odds ratio = 3.16; 95% confidence interval: 1.09\u20139.10;\n p<\/jats:italic>\n = 0.033).\n <\/jats:p>\n <\/jats:sec>\n \n Conclusions:<\/jats:title>\n Gestational hypothyroidism was associated with lower EBF rates at 1 month and increased early formula supplementation. These findings underscore the need for targeted lactation support and careful postpartum follow-up in mothers with gestational hypothyroidism.<\/jats:p>\n <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1177\/15568253261457856","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,9]],"date-time":"2026-06-09T09:30:18Z","timestamp":1780997418000},"page":"496-503","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/sage-journals-update-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["Impact of Gestational Hypothyroidism on Exclusive Breastfeeding in the Early Postnatal Period"],"prefix":"10.1177","volume":"21","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3869-6288","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Timucin","family":"Imdadoglu","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pediatrics, Sancaktepe Prof. Dr. Ilhan Varank Training and Research Hospital, Istanbul, T\u00fcrkiye."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Bulent","family":"Guzel","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pediatrics, Division of Neonatology, Sancaktepe Prof. Dr. Ilhan Varank Training and Research Hospital, Istanbul, T\u00fcrkiye."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Asli","family":"Okbay Gunes","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pediatrics, Division of Neonatology, Sancaktepe Prof. Dr. Ilhan Varank Training and Research Hospital, University of Health Sciences, Istanbul, T\u00fcrkiye."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Senay","family":"Coskun","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pediatrics, Division of Neonatology, Sancaktepe Prof. Dr. Ilhan Varank Training and Research Hospital, Istanbul, T\u00fcrkiye."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Emel","family":"Altuncu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pediatrics, Division of Neonatology, Hamidiye International School of Medicine, Sancaktepe Prof. Dr. Ilhan Varank Training and Research Hospital, University of Health Sciences, Istanbul, T\u00fcrkiye."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Sirin","family":"Guven","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pediatrics, Sancaktepe Prof. Dr. Ilhan Varank Training and Research Hospital, University of Health Sciences, Istanbul, T\u00fcrkiye."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"179","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,9]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_3_3_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1542\/peds.2022-057988"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_3_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(15)01024-7"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_4_1","unstructured":"3.World Health Organization. Infant and young child feeding. WHO: Geneva; 2023. Available from: https:\/\/www.who.int\/news-room\/fact-sheets\/detail\/infant-and-young-child-feeding"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_5_1","volume-title":"Breastfeeding: a mother\u2019s gift, for every child","author":"UNICEF","year":"2018","unstructured":"4.UNICEF. Breastfeeding: a mother\u2019s gift, for every child. UNICEF: New York; 2018."},{"key":"e_1_3_3_6_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/0260106020942967"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_7_1","unstructured":"6.UNICEF. T\u00fcrkiye country breastfeeding profile. UNICEF Data. Available from: https:\/\/data.unicef.org\/country\/tur\/ [Last accessed: April 2025]."},{"key":"e_1_3_3_8_1","volume-title":"Turkey Demographic and Health Survey 2018","author":"Hacettepe University Institute of Population Studies","year":"2019","unstructured":"7.Hacettepe University Institute of Population Studies. Turkey Demographic and Health Survey 2018. Hacettepe University: Ankara; 2019."},{"key":"e_1_3_3_9_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3945\/ajcn.2010.29192"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_10_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/dme.12846"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_11_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/nrendo.2017.93"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_12_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1089\/thy.2016.0457"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_13_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1530\/rep.0.1260371"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_14_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3181\/0803-RM-85"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_15_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2147\/IJGM.S452108"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_16_1","unstructured":"15.R Core Team. R: A language and environment for statistical computing. R Foundation for Statistical Computing: Vienna; 2023. Available from: https:\/\/www.R-project.org\/."},{"key":"e_1_3_3_17_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/14651858.CD006462.pub4"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_18_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1089\/bfm.2016.0039"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_19_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s42506-024-00172-w"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_20_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-023-33688-w"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_21_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1210\/edrv.18.3.0300"},{"issue":"3","key":"e_1_3_3_22_1","first-page":"301","article-title":"Prevalence and pattern of gestational thyroid dysfunction in a population of South-East Nigerian women","volume":"65","author":"Okoli UJ","year":"2024","unstructured":"21.Okoli UJ, , Basil B, , Nwajiobi CE. Prevalence and pattern of gestational thyroid dysfunction in a population of South-East Nigerian women. Niger Med J 2024;65(3):301\u2013312; doi: 10.60787\/nmj-v65i3-406","journal-title":"Niger Med J"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_23_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1210\/jc.2002-021903"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_24_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1210\/jc.2011-2576"}],"container-title":["Breastfeeding Medicine"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1177\/15568253261457856","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/doi\/full-xml\/10.1177\/15568253261457856","content-type":"application\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1177\/15568253261457856","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,19]],"date-time":"2026-08-19T10:34:29Z","timestamp":1787135669000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/doi\/10.1177\/15568253261457856"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,9]]},"references-count":23,"journal-issue":{"issue":"9","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,1]]}},"alternative-id":["10.1177\/15568253261457856"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/15568253261457856","relation":{},"ISSN":["1556-8253","1556-8342"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1556-8253","type":"print"},{"value":"1556-8342","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,9]]}}}