{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,2]],"date-time":"2026-08-02T20:45:33Z","timestamp":1785703533271,"version":"3.56.0"},"reference-count":31,"publisher":"SAGE Publications","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,30]],"date-time":"2026-07-30T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1785369600000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/page\/policies\/text-and-data-mining-license"}],"funder":[{"name":"Yangtze River Research Program for Sustainable Development of Hospitals in Zhejiang Province","award":["2024ZHA-YZJ211"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2024ZHA-YZJ211"]}]},{"name":"Scientific Research Fund of Zhejiang Provincial Education Department","award":["Y202454811"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["Y202454811"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["journals.sagepub.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Breastfeeding Medicine"],"abstract":"<jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Objective:<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>This study aimed to analyze the initiation, intake, proportion, and continuity of fresh mother\u2019s own milk (MOM) feeding during the first 14 days of life in hospitalized very-low-birth-weight (VLBW) infants, identify weaknesses in neonatal intensive care unit (NICU) breastfeeding care, and provide evidence for optimizing nursing protocols.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Methods:<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      This retrospective study enrolled 917 VLBW infants admitted to a tertiary hospital NICU from January 2020 to December 2023. Clinical data and daily feeding records during the first 14 days of life were collected from electronic medical records. Descriptive statistics, Mann\u2013Whitney\n                      <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">U<\/jats:italic>\n                      tests, and repeated measures analysis of variance (ANOVA) were used for data analysis.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results:<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>The fresh MOM feeding rate within 14 days was 55.94%. The median time to first feeding was 24.0 hours, predominantly with donor human milk (92.0%). The median postnatal day of first fresh MOM feeding was 4.0 days, and the median duration was 1.0 day; only 0.11% received fresh MOM continuously through day 14. Feeding rates, intake volumes, and energy contributions peaked on days 4 and 5 and declined sharply thereafter, with mean energy contribution from fresh MOM over 14 days at only 4.24% \u00b1 7.65%. Subgroup analyses showed that infants with gestational age &lt;28 weeks had significantly lower cumulative intake and energy supply; vaginal delivery, uncomplicated pregnancy, and multiparity correlated with earlier first fresh MOM exposure; and cesarean-delivered infants had higher cumulative intake and longer duration, likely attributable to prolonged hospitalization.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusions:<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Early fresh MOM feeding in VLBW infants is characterized by delayed initiation, short duration, and low intake and energy contribution. The sharp decline after days 4 and 5 suggests fragmentation between in-hospital and postdischarge lactation support. Standardized early initiation protocols, integrated support systems, and stratified care for high-risk infants are urgently needed.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Clinical Implications:<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>There is an urgent need to establish standardized early initiation protocols, develop integrated in-hospital and postdischarge lactation support systems, and implement stratified care for high-risk infants to improve the timeliness, adequacy, and continuity of fresh MOM feeding in the NICU setting.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1177\/15568253261473747","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,30]],"date-time":"2026-07-30T07:07:51Z","timestamp":1785395271000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/sage-journals-update-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Early Fresh Mother\u2019s Own Milk Feeding in 917 Very-Low-Birth-Weight Infants: Current Status and Nursing Implications"],"prefix":"10.1177","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0001-3692-1587","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Huanhuan","family":"Ding","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Women's Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Longfei","family":"Zhang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Women's Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Qiufang","family":"Li","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Women's Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Wenjun","family":"Zhu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Women's Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"179","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,30]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_3_2_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/nu17121959"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_3_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1161\/JAHA.120.019067"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_4_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1001\/jamanetworkopen.2021.21206"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_5_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/nu16030362"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_6_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1089\/bfm.2023.0093"},{"issue":"7","key":"e_1_3_2_7_1","first-page":"1267","article-title":"Human milk feeding is associated with decreased incidence of moderate-severe bronchopulmonary dysplasia in extremely preterm infants","volume":"10","author":"Verd S","year":"2023","unstructured":"6.Verd S, , Porta R, , Ginovart G, et al. Human milk feeding is associated with decreased incidence of moderate-severe bronchopulmonary dysplasia in extremely preterm infants. Children (Basel) 2023;10(7):1267.","journal-title":"Children (Basel)"},{"issue":"07","key":"e_1_3_2_8_1","first-page":"1084","article-title":"Research progress on fresh breastfeeding of premature infants in the neonatal intensive care unit","volume":"024","author":"Huanhuan D","year":"2022","unstructured":"7.Huanhuan D, , Dan L, , Xinfen X. Research progress on fresh breastfeeding of premature infants in the neonatal intensive care unit. Chin Nurs Manag 2022;024(07):1084\u20131089.","journal-title":"Chin Nurs Manag"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_9_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/mcn.13430"},{"issue":"7","key":"e_1_3_2_10_1","first-page":"928","article-title":"Interpretation of management plan for early treatment of periviable extremely Preterm infants (Recommendations)","volume":"47","author":"Zhichun F","year":"2025","unstructured":"9.Zhichun F. Interpretation of management plan for early treatment of periviable extremely Preterm infants (Recommendations). Guangxi Med J 2025;47(7):928\u2013934.","journal-title":"Guangxi Med J"},{"issue":"6","key":"e_1_3_2_11_1","first-page":"401","article-title":"Early management protocol (recommendations) for periviable extremely preterm infants","volume":"12","author":"Association NPBO, Medicine PMCO, Version EBOJ","year":"2024","unstructured":"10.Association NPBO, Medicine PMCO, Version EBOJ. Early management protocol (recommendations) for periviable extremely preterm infants. J Dev Med (Electronic Version) 2024;12(6):401\u2013414.","journal-title":"J Dev Med (Electronic Version)"},{"issue":"12","key":"e_1_3_2_12_1","first-page":"1364","article-title":"Analysis of dynamic changes in macronutrients and energy of human milk from mothers at early stage of premature","volume":"26","author":"Qian Z","year":"2018","unstructured":"11.Qian Z, , Wei L, , Lin Z, et al. Analysis of dynamic changes in macronutrients and energy of human milk from mothers at early stage of premature. Chin J Child Health Care 2018;26(12):1364\u20131368.","journal-title":"Chin J Child Health Care"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_13_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jpeds.2021.04.037"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_14_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1089\/bfm.2023.0266"},{"issue":"22","key":"e_1_3_2_15_1","first-page":"2714","article-title":"Investigation and analysis of factors related to colostrum feeding of premature infants in NICU","volume":"57","author":"Xiaochun C","year":"2022","unstructured":"14.Xiaochun C, , Ying G, , Yuxiao M. Investigation and analysis of factors related to colostrum feeding of premature infants in NICU. 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