{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,19]],"date-time":"2026-09-19T14:10:05Z","timestamp":1789827005699,"version":"4.0.1"},"reference-count":19,"publisher":"SAGE Publications","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,17]],"date-time":"2026-09-17T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1789603200000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/page\/policies\/text-and-data-mining-license"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["journals.sagepub.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Breastfeeding Medicine"],"abstract":"<jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Background:<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Breast engorgement is a frequent postpartum condition that can greatly impair breastfeeding success and maternal comfort. Timely and evidence-based therapies are critical to effectively relieving these symptoms and promoting optimum breastfeeding.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Objectives:<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>To assess the efficacy of reverse pressure softening (RPS) and lukewarm water compression (LWC) in reducing breast engorgement and promoting breastfeeding in postnatal mothers.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Methods:<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      A randomized experiment including 60 postnatal mothers was carried out at a tertiary care facility in Tamil Nadu, India. Participants were randomly assigned to one of two groups: LWC (\n                      <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">n<\/jats:italic>\n                      = 30) or RPS (\n                      <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">n<\/jats:italic>\n                      = 30). Breast engorgement was measured using the Six-Point Engorgement Scale, and nursing performance was rated using a standardized breastfeeding assessment method. Data were analyzed before and after the intervention using descriptive and inferential statistics.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results:<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      The postintervention study showed that the RPS group had significantly lower mean engorgement scores (1.60 \u00b1 0.81) than the LWC group (2.43 \u00b1 1.06). Furthermore, the RPS group had significantly greater nursing success scores (30.73 \u00b1 4.21) than the LWC group (22.20 \u00b1 3.52). The differences were statistically significant (\n                      <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">p<\/jats:italic>\n                      &lt; 0.001).\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusions:<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>The study found that RPS is substantially more effective than LWC in reducing breast engorgement and increasing breastfeeding results. RPS must be incorporated into normal postnatal care protocols in order to improve maternal well-being and breastfeeding effectiveness.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1177\/15568253261477026","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,17]],"date-time":"2026-09-17T09:19:21Z","timestamp":1789636761000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/sage-journals-update-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["A Comparative Study to Assess the Effectiveness of the Reverse Pressure Softening Technique and Lukewarm Water Compression in Alleviating Breast Engorgement and Supporting Breastfeeding Among Postnatal Mothers"],"prefix":"10.1177","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0002-0980-3689","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Kousalya","family":"T.","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"SRM College of Nursing, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, SRM Institute of Science and Technology, Kattankulathur, India."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Abizha","family":"G.","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"SRM College of Nursing, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, SRM Institute of Science and Technology, Kattankulathur, India."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Helen Shaji","family":"J.C.","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"SRM College of Nursing, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, SRM Institute of Science and Technology, Kattankulathur, India."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"179","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,17]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_3_3_2_1","unstructured":"1.World Health Organization. Breastfeeding. World Health Organization: Geneva; 2023. Available from: https:\/\/www.who.int\/news-room\/fact-sheets\/detail\/breastfeeding"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_3_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/089033449401000212"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_4_1","volume-title":"Breastfeeding and Human Lactation","author":"Riordan J","year":"2010","unstructured":"3.Riordan J, , Wambach K. Breastfeeding and Human Lactation. 4th ed. Jones & Bartlett Learning: Sudbury (MA); 2010.","edition":"4"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_5_1","volume-title":"National Family Health Survey (NFHS-5), 2019\u201321: India","author":"Ministry of Health and Family Welfare (MoHFW)","year":"2021","unstructured":"4.Ministry of Health and Family Welfare (MoHFW). National Family Health Survey (NFHS-5), 2019\u201321: India. International Institute for Population Sciences: Mumbai; 2021."},{"key":"e_1_3_3_6_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/0890334404264224"},{"issue":"2","key":"e_1_3_3_7_1","first-page":"127","article-title":"Intervention for breast engorgement: Review and clinical application","volume":"8","author":"Ueda T","year":"2011","unstructured":"6.Ueda T, , Yokoyama Y, , Shinohara H. Intervention for breast engorgement: Review and clinical application. Jpn J Nurs Sci 2011;8(2):127\u2013134.","journal-title":"Jpn J Nurs Sci"},{"issue":"2","key":"e_1_3_3_8_1","first-page":"22","article-title":"Effectiveness of reverse pressure softening technique on breast engorgement","volume":"10","author":"Patel S","year":"2019","unstructured":"7.Patel S, , Dave R. Effectiveness of reverse pressure softening technique on breast engorgement. Indian J Nurs Stud 2019;10(2):22\u201327.","journal-title":"Indian J Nurs Stud"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_9_1","article-title":"Effectiveness of reverse pressure softening of areola in postpartum breast engorgement","author":"Pednekar PS","year":"2021","unstructured":"8.Pednekar PS. Effectiveness of reverse pressure softening of areola in postpartum breast engorgement. Indian J Physiother Occup Ther 2021.","journal-title":"Indian J Physiother Occup Ther"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_10_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.21608\/ejhc.2024.413829"},{"issue":"1","key":"e_1_3_3_11_1","first-page":"33","article-title":"Warm compress application to improve breastfeeding outcomes: A systematic review","volume":"16","author":"Tang L","year":"2021","unstructured":"10.Tang L, , Lee AH, , Binns CW. Warm compress application to improve breastfeeding outcomes: A systematic review. Int Breastfeed J 2021;16(1):33.","journal-title":"Int Breastfeed J"},{"issue":"1","key":"e_1_3_3_12_1","first-page":"55","article-title":"Effectiveness of warm compress on breast engorgement among postnatal mothers","volume":"5","author":"Behera D","year":"2017","unstructured":"11.Behera D, , Nayak R. Effectiveness of warm compress on breast engorgement among postnatal mothers. Int J Nurs Educ Res 2017;5(1):55\u201358.","journal-title":"Int J Nurs Educ Res"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_13_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/0974150X20170405"},{"issue":"3","key":"e_1_3_3_14_1","first-page":"319","article-title":"Maternal psychological response to breastfeeding difficulties","volume":"11","author":"Kent JC","year":"2015","unstructured":"13.Kent JC, , Ashton E, , Hardwick CM, et al. Maternal psychological response to breastfeeding difficulties. Matern Child Nutr 2015;11(3):319\u2013328.","journal-title":"Matern Child Nutr"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_15_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/heapro\/daae021"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_16_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1089\/bfm.2016.29008.pjb"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_17_1","volume-title":"Breastfeeding: A Guide for the Medical Profession","author":"Lawrence RA","year":"2016","unstructured":"16.Lawrence RA, , Lawrence RM. Breastfeeding: A Guide for the Medical Profession. 8th ed. Elsevier: Philadelphia; 2016.","edition":"8"},{"issue":"1","key":"e_1_3_3_18_1","first-page":"1719","article-title":"Effectiveness of self-instructional module on reverse pressure softening technique among postnatal mothers","volume":"25","author":"Bharti N","year":"2024","unstructured":"17.Bharti N, , Khan N, , Lendhe MS. Effectiveness of self-instructional module on reverse pressure softening technique among postnatal mothers. Rev Electron Vet 2024;25(1):1719\u20131736.","journal-title":"Rev Electron Vet"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_19_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.18137\/cardiometry.2022.25.231237"},{"issue":"2","key":"e_1_3_3_20_1","first-page":"1","article-title":"Saveetha Institute of Medical and Technical Sciences. Prevalence of breast engorgement among lactating mothers","volume":"4","year":"2019","unstructured":"19.Saveetha Institute of Medical and Technical Sciences. Prevalence of breast engorgement among lactating mothers. Reprod Med Gynecol Obstet 2019;4(2):1\u20135.","journal-title":"Reprod Med Gynecol Obstet"}],"container-title":["Breastfeeding Medicine"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1177\/15568253261477026","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/doi\/full-xml\/10.1177\/15568253261477026","content-type":"application\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1177\/15568253261477026","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,19]],"date-time":"2026-09-19T13:51:21Z","timestamp":1789825881000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/doi\/10.1177\/15568253261477026"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,17]]},"references-count":19,"alternative-id":["10.1177\/15568253261477026"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/15568253261477026","relation":{},"ISSN":["1556-8253","1556-8342"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1556-8253","type":"print"},{"value":"1556-8342","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,17]]},"article-number":"15568253261477026"}}