{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,3]],"date-time":"2026-10-03T08:53:05Z","timestamp":1791017585404,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":36,"publisher":"SAGE Publications","issue":"11","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,20]],"date-time":"2026-08-20T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1787184000000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/page\/policies\/text-and-data-mining-license"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["journals.sagepub.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Breastfeeding Medicine"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,11,1]]},"abstract":"<jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Aim:<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>This study aims to compare the responses generated by ChatGPT-3.5, ChatGPT-4, and BreastfeedGPT, a customized domain-specific GPT, to frequently asked questions related to breastfeeding counseling.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Design and Methods:<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Ten breastfeeding-related questions were selected based on international guidelines and expert validation. Each model generated responses to the same questions, which were anonymized and evaluated by eight health professionals with expertise in breastfeeding counseling using structured Likert scales. Evaluation dimensions included (1) scientific accuracy and scope, (2) tone, language, and motivation, and (3) reliability via mDISCERN scoring. Friedman and Wilcoxon signed-rank tests with Bonferroni correction were used to determine statistical significance.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results:<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      BreastfeedGPT model outperformed ChatGPT-3.5 and ChatGPT-4 across all domains. It received the highest mean scores in scientific accuracy (3.72 \u00b1 0.23) and motivational tone (3.78 \u00b1 0.42), with statistically significant differences (\n                      <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">p<\/jats:italic>\n                      &lt; 0.001). Although the mDISCERN scores also favored the custom model, pairwise differences were not statistically significant after correction. GPT-4 performed better than GPT-3.5, but worse than BreastfeedGPT.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusion:<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>BreastfeedGPT may offer advantages over general-purpose AI tools in providing breastfeeding-related information. However, because human expert responses were not evaluated in parallel, its role as a complementary resource should be interpreted cautiously and confirmed in future direct comparisons. Such tools should support, rather than replace, professional breastfeeding care.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1177\/15568253261481438","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,20]],"date-time":"2026-08-20T11:26:07Z","timestamp":1787225167000},"page":"687-694","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/sage-journals-update-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Accuracy and Safety of Language Model-Generated Breastfeeding Counseling Responses: An Expert-Based Comparative Evaluation of ChatGPT-3.5, ChatGPT-4, and BreastfeedGPT"],"prefix":"10.1177","volume":"21","author":[{"given":"Seda","family":"Serhatl\u0131o\u011flu","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Midwifery, Faculty of Health Sciences, Antalya Bilim University, Antalya, T\u00fcrkiye."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2847-6978","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ye\u015fim","family":"Ye\u015fil","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Midwifery, Faculty of Health Sciences, Antalya Bilim University, Antalya, T\u00fcrkiye."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"179","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,20]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_3_3_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.explore.2023.05.002"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_3_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijnurstu.2021.103874"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_4_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.2016.8882"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_5_1","unstructured":"4.World Health Organization (WHO). Breastfeeding. Available from: https:\/\/www.who.int\/healthtopics\/ [Last accessed: July13 2025]."},{"key":"e_1_3_3_6_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(15)01044-2"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_7_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/nu11102266"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_8_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.chb.2016.07.057"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_9_1","unstructured":"8.OpenAI. ChatGPT: Optimizing language models for dialogue. OpenAI; 2022. Available from: https:\/\/openai.com\/blog\/chatgpt [Last accessed: May15 2025]."},{"key":"e_1_3_3_10_1","unstructured":"9.OpenAI. GPT-4 technical report. OpenAI; 2023. Available from: https:\/\/openai.com\/research\/gpt-4 [Last accessed: May15 2025]."},{"key":"e_1_3_3_11_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1126\/science.adg7879"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_12_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2196\/55595"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_13_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2196\/47621"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_14_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.seizure.2023.11.013"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_15_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2196\/60807"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_16_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2196\/50965"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_17_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-023-46995-z"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_18_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/healthcare12171726"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_19_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.7759\/cureus.42924"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_20_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41591-023-02448-8"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_21_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMsr2214184"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_22_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41746-024-01157-x"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_23_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/oto2.70125"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_24_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0319782"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_25_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41405-024-00226-3"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_26_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/00006199-198611000-00017"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_27_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/jech.53.2.105"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_28_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1037\/0033-2909.86.2.420"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_29_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2196\/preprints.65470"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_30_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s40368-025-01012-x"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_31_1","article-title":"Real-world evaluation of Artificial Intelligence (AI) chatbots for providing sexual health information: A consensus study using clinical queries","author":"Latt PM","year":"2024","unstructured":"30.Latt PM, , Aung ET, , Htaik K, et al. 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Assisting Breastfeeding and Maternity Experts in Responding to User Queries with an AI-in-the-loop Approach. 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