{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,17]],"date-time":"2026-10-17T17:49:10Z","timestamp":1792259350337,"version":"4.4.0"},"reference-count":28,"publisher":"SAGE Publications","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,15]],"date-time":"2026-10-15T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1792022400000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/page\/policies\/text-and-data-mining-license"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["journals.sagepub.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Breastfeeding Medicine"],"abstract":"<jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Purpose:<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Human milk is the optimal food for newborns; however, infant feeding practices of parents who are lesbian, gay, bisexual, trans, queer, or sexual and gender minorities (LGBTQ+) are largely unknown. The purpose of this study was to describe infant feeding practices in LGBTQ+ families and compare to heterosexual or cisgender families.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Methods:<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Secondary analyses of parents with an infant less than 12 months from the Household Pulse Survey (April\u2013July 2024) were conducted. Demographic characteristics to include sexual orientation and gender identification were extracted. Infant feeding practices were classified as: (1) human milk only; (2) a mix of human milk and formula; or (3) formula only. The chi square test and multinomial regression were used in these analyses.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results:<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      Data from 1,598 parents were analyzed, 7.63% identified as not heterosexual and 1.4% as gender diverse. There were no significant differences in feeding practices between cisgender and gender-diverse parents: human milk only 41.7% versus 47.8% (\n                      <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">p<\/jats:italic>\n                      = 0.71), mixed feeding 25.0% versus 26.1% (\n                      <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">p<\/jats:italic>\n                      = 1.0), formula only 33.3% versus 26.7% (\n                      <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">p<\/jats:italic>\n                      = 0.61). Nor any significant differences in heterosexual parents compared to lesbian, gay, and bisexual parents: human milk only 42.3% vs 36.1% (\n                      <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">p<\/jats:italic>\n                      = 0.22), mixed feeding 24.8% versus 27.1% (\n                      <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">p<\/jats:italic>\n                      = 0.66), formula only 32.9% versus 36.9% (\n                      <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">p<\/jats:italic>\n                      = 0.43). Results remained nonsignificant using regression models and controlling for covariates, along with analyses of men and women separately.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusion:<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>These data provide preliminary insight into infant feeding practices of LGBTQ+ parents, demonstrating no differences compared to heterosexual or cisgender parents. Clinicians should continue to support human milk as the optimal choice for all families.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1177\/15568253261496623","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,15]],"date-time":"2026-10-15T07:05:48Z","timestamp":1792047948000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/sage-journals-update-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["LGBTQ+ Parents and Infant Feeding: An Analysis of the Household Pulse Survey Dataset"],"prefix":"10.1177","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2989-0188","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jessica S.","family":"Bahorski","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Nursing, Florida State University, Tallahassee, Florida, USA."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jairo","family":"Pena Hidalgo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Nursing, Florida State University, Tallahassee, Florida, USA."},{"name":"Center of Population Sciences for Health Empowerment, Florida State University, Tallahassee, Florida, USA."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Crim","family":"Sabuncu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Center of Population Sciences for Health Empowerment, Florida State University, Tallahassee, Florida, USA."},{"name":"College of Social Work, Florida State University, Tallahassee, Florida, USA."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Casey D.","family":"Xavier Hall","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Nursing, Florida State University, Tallahassee, Florida, USA."},{"name":"Center of Population Sciences for Health Empowerment, Florida State University, Tallahassee, Florida, USA."},{"name":"College of Social Work, Florida State University, Tallahassee, Florida, USA."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"179","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,15]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_3_2_2_1","volume-title":"LGBTQ Parenting in the US","author":"Wilson BDM and Bouton LJA","year":"2024","unstructured":"1.Wilson BDM and Bouton LJA. LGBTQ Parenting in the US. UCLA School of Law, Williams Institute: Los Angeles, CA; 2024."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_3_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1089\/bfm.2020.29152.rlf"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_4_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1089\/bfm.2021.29188.abm"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_5_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41372-021-01259-4"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_6_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cdnut.2025.106908"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_7_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.7759\/cureus.82916"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_8_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/nmc.0000000000001114"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_9_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1542\/9781610023610"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_10_1","unstructured":"9.World Health O. Infant and young child feeding. World Health Organization: Geneva Switzerland; 2023. Available from: https:\/\/www.who.int\/news-room\/fact-sheets\/detail\/infant-and-young-child-feeding"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_11_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1542\/peds.2022-057988"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_12_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.nwh.2019.09.006"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_13_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.socscimed.2024.117567"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_14_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/08903344221108733"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_15_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s13006-024-00624-1"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_16_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/0890334419852939"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_17_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1542\/9781610028332"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_18_1","unstructured":"17.U.S. Census Bureau. Household Pulse Survey Phase 4.1 U.S. Census Bureau: Washington DC; 2024. Available from: https:\/\/www.census.gov\/data\/experimental-data-products\/household-pulse-survey.html [Last accessed: 1September 2024]."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_19_1","unstructured":"18.Statistics USBoL. Statistical policy directives of the Office of Management and Budget. Statistical policy directive No. 15 Standards for the classification of federal data on race and ethnicity. Executive Office of the President Office of Management and Budget: Washington DC; 2024. Available from: https:\/\/www.bls.gov\/bls\/statistical-policy-directive-15.pdf [Last accessed: 16April 2026]."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_20_1","unstructured":"19.R Core Team. R: A Language and Environment for Statistical Computing. R Foundation for Statistical Computing: Vienna Austria; 2025. 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