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Reconstruction is challenging and requires the surgical reconstructive team to understand the anatomic and physiologic morbidity related to the defect and the choice of reconstructive techniques available to restore form and function. Rapidly emerging 3-dimensional (3D) printing technology allows the reconstructive surgical team to customize the therapeutic process of skeletal reconstruction by accurately mimicking the shape and structure of the chest wall being replaced. An integrated knowledge of the anatomy, physiology, mechanics of breathing, and respiratory tests is important to restore form and function. The focus of this article is to review the anatomy, physiology, and assessment of respiratory function from the classical textbooks and integrate this knowledge with the precise anatomy of the chest wall created by 3D printing technology. By doing so, this article will demonstrate how 3D printing may help the reconstructive team to understand the anatomic and physiologic morbidity related to the chest wall defect and the importance of taking each of these aspects into consideration when undertaking chest wall reconstruction of the thorax.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1177\/15569845221102138","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,6,14]],"date-time":"2022-06-14T11:00:48Z","timestamp":1655204448000},"page":"191-200","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/sage-journals-update-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":9,"title":["Chest Wall Reconstruction With 3D Printing: Anatomical and Functional Considerations"],"prefix":"10.1177","volume":"17","author":[{"given":"Ira","family":"Goldsmith","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Cardiothoracic Surgery, Morriston Hospital, Swansea Bay University Health Board, Wales, UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"179","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,6,14]]},"reference":[{"key":"bibr1-15569845221102138","first-page":"44","volume-title":"Sheild\u2019s general thoracic surgery","author":"Ciconne AM","year":"2019","edition":"8"},{"key":"bibr2-15569845221102138","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s41205-020-00079-0"},{"key":"bibr3-15569845221102138","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1108\/RPJ-08-2019-0208"},{"key":"bibr4-15569845221102138","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.thorsurg.2017.01.014"},{"key":"bibr5-15569845221102138","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1088\/1757-899X\/156\/1\/012031"},{"key":"bibr6-15569845221102138","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1148\/rg.2015140320"},{"key":"bibr7-15569845221102138","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1148\/rg.2017160165"},{"key":"bibr8-15569845221102138","volume-title":"Anatomy of the human body","author":"Lockhart RD","year":"1959"},{"key":"bibr9-15569845221102138","volume-title":"Gray\u2019s anatomy","author":"Williams PL","year":"1989","edition":"37"},{"key":"bibr10-15569845221102138","first-page":"21","volume-title":"The breast: comprehensive management of benign and malignant disease","author":"Romrell LJ","year":"1998"},{"key":"bibr11-15569845221102138","volume-title":"Gray\u2019s anatomy for students","author":"Drake RL","year":"2014","edition":"3"},{"key":"bibr12-15569845221102138","volume-title":"Cunningham\u2019s manual of practical anatomy, volume 2, thorax and abdomen","author":"Romanes GJ","year":"1976","edition":"14"},{"key":"bibr13-15569845221102138","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.4067\/S0717-95022006000500030"},{"key":"bibr14-15569845221102138","volume-title":"Mccraw and Arnold\u2019s atlas of muscle and musculocutaneous flaps","author":"McCraw JB","year":"1986"},{"key":"bibr15-15569845221102138","first-page":"649","volume-title":"Sheild\u2019s general thoracic surgery","author":"Suzuki K","year":"2019","edition":"8"},{"key":"bibr16-15569845221102138","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0003-4975(10)61315-X"},{"key":"bibr17-15569845221102138","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0003-4975(99)01422-8"},{"key":"bibr18-15569845221102138","first-page":"e21115","volume":"14","author":"Haghshenas V","year":"2022","journal-title":"Cureus"},{"key":"bibr19-15569845221102138","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1001\/archsurg.1934.01180030082006"},{"key":"bibr20-15569845221102138","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1302\/0301-620X.54B3.484"},{"key":"bibr21-15569845221102138","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/1748-7161-7-7"},{"key":"bibr22-15569845221102138","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/B978-0-323-54498-6.00008-4"},{"key":"bibr23-15569845221102138","volume-title":"Lee McGregor\u2019s synopsis of surgical anatomy","author":"Decker GAG","year":"1986","edition":"12"},{"key":"bibr24-15569845221102138","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/ar629"},{"key":"bibr25-15569845221102138","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/B978-0-12-381365-7.00004-2"},{"key":"bibr26-15569845221102138","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1055\/s-0031-1275170"},{"key":"bibr27-15569845221102138","unstructured":"Ganong WF. 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