{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,24]],"date-time":"2026-09-24T23:59:31Z","timestamp":1790294371761,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":30,"publisher":"SAGE Publications","issue":"9","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,13]],"date-time":"2026-08-13T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1786579200000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/page\/policies\/text-and-data-mining-license"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["journals.sagepub.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Metabolic Syndrome and Related Disorders"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,11,1]]},"abstract":"<jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Background:<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Pediatric obesity affects 20% of children and adolescents globally. Waist circumference (WC) identifies central adiposity and cardiometabolic risk, yet pediatric WC percentiles are outdated. This study provides updated age- and sex-specific WC percentiles reflecting current trends to improve clinical risk assessment.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Methods:<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>We conducted a cross-sectional analysis of National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES) 2011\u20132023 data among U.S. youth aged 2\u201318 years. Central obesity was defined using International Diabetes Federation criteria. WC percentiles (10th, 25th, 50th, 75th, 90th) were estimated by single-year age and sex, with race and ethnicity comparisons. Quantile regression assessed distributional differences versus NHANES 1999\u20132008 and examined demographic differences in WC using survey logistic regression.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results:<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      Among 14,763 children and adolescents aged 2-to-18 years, the overall prevalence of central obesity was 14.08%. Mean WC was 52.05 cm (95% confidence interval [CI]: 51.80\u201352.30) for ages 2\u20135, 62.04 cm (95% CI: 61.57\u201362.52) for ages 6\u20139 years, 76.93 cm (95% CI: 76.31\u201377.55) for ages 10\u201315 years, and 84.75 cm (95% CI: 83.87\u201385.63) for ages 16\u201318 years. Hispanic youth had higher odds of exceeding WC percentiles compared with non-Hispanic White (NHW) peers (males: odds ratios [ORs] = 1.37\u20131.89 across 50th\u201390th percentiles; females: ORs = 1.26\u20131.35 across 25th\u201390th percentiles, all\n                      <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">P<\/jats:italic>\n                      &lt; 0.05). Non-Hispanic Black (NHB) males had lower odds (ORs = 0.41\u20130.82 across 10th\u201375th percentiles), while females had higher odds only at upper percentiles (75th: OR = 1.26; 90th: OR = 1.52, all\n                      <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">P<\/jats:italic>\n                      &lt; 0.05). Non-Hispanic Asian youth had significantly lower odds across all thresholds. Among Hispanic, NHW, and NHB youth, WC percentiles were higher in 2011\u20132023 than in 1999\u20132008, with the greatest increases at the upper percentiles.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusions:<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>WC percentiles among U.S. youth have increased over time. Updated age- and sex-specific reference values may improve early risk identification and pediatric obesity screening.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1177\/15578518261477074","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,13]],"date-time":"2026-08-13T12:32:00Z","timestamp":1786624320000},"page":"406-415","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/sage-journals-update-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Updated Waist Circumference Percentiles and Central Obesity Prevalence Among U.S. Children and Adolescents, NHANES 2011\u20132023"],"prefix":"10.1177","volume":"24","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0009-0578-6421","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Rabiya K.","family":"Mian","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Peter O\u2019Donnell Jr. School of Public Health, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, Texas, USA."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Luyu","family":"Xie","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Peter O\u2019Donnell Jr. School of Public Health, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, Texas, USA."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yasmin","family":"Hamad","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Peter O\u2019Donnell Jr. School of Public Health, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, Texas, USA."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Sitapriya S.","family":"Neti","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Peter O\u2019Donnell Jr. School of Public Health, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, Texas, USA."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Stacia M.","family":"DeSantis","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Peter O\u2019Donnell Jr. School of Public Health, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, Texas, USA."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Sarah E.","family":"Messiah","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Peter O\u2019Donnell Jr. School of Public Health, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, Texas, USA."},{"name":"Department of Pediatrics, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, Texas, USA."},{"name":"Children\u2019s Health System of Texas, Dallas, Texas, USA."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"179","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,13]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_3_3_2_1","unstructured":"1.World Health Organization. Obesity and overweight. 2025. Available from: https:\/\/www.who.int\/news-room\/fact-sheets\/detail\/obesity-and-overweight [Last accessed: August2 2025]."},{"issue":"158","key":"e_1_3_3_3_1","article-title":"National health and nutrition examination survey 2017-March 2020 prepandemic data files\u2014Development of files and prevalence estimates for selected health outcomes","author":"Stierman B","year":"2021","unstructured":"2.Stierman B, , Afful J, , Carroll MD, et al. National health and nutrition examination survey 2017-March 2020 prepandemic data files\u2014Development of files and prevalence estimates for selected health outcomes. Natl Health Stat Report 2021(158); doi: 10.15620\/cdc:106273","journal-title":"Natl Health Stat Report"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_4_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0290211"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_5_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/ije\/dyz273"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_6_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1089\/met.2010.0127"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_7_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/md.0000000000037946"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_8_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/bmj.333.7570.695"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_9_1","unstructured":"8.National Center for Health Statistics. National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey: 2021 anthropometry procedures manual. 2021. Pamphlet (or booklet)."},{"key":"e_1_3_3_10_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.pcad.2014.10.002"},{"issue":"6","key":"e_1_3_3_11_1","first-page":"399","article-title":"Normal-weight central obesity: Unique hazard of the toxic waist","volume":"65","author":"Bosomworth NJ","year":"2019","unstructured":"10.Bosomworth NJ. Normal-weight central obesity: Unique hazard of the toxic waist. Can Fam Physician 2019;65(6):399\u2013408.","journal-title":"Can Fam Physician"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_12_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41574-019-0310-7"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_13_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/oby.24090"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_14_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/ijpo.12150"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_15_1","unstructured":"14.United States. Our Changing Population. 2022. Available from: https:\/\/usafacts.org\/data\/topics\/people-society\/population-and-demographics\/our-changing-population\/"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_16_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jclinepi.2007.11.008"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_17_1","unstructured":"16.National Center for Health Statistics. National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES). 2024. Available from: https:\/\/www.cdc.gov\/nchs\/hus\/sources-definitions\/nhanes.htm [Last accessed: August3 2025]."},{"issue":"190","key":"e_1_3_3_18_1","first-page":"1","article-title":"National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey, 2017-March 2020 prepandemic file: Sample design, estimation, and analytic guidelines","author":"Akinbami LJ","year":"2022","unstructured":"17.Akinbami LJ, , Chen TC, , Davy O, et al. National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey, 2017-March 2020 prepandemic file: Sample design, estimation, and analytic guidelines. 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Available from: https:\/\/wwwn.cdc.gov\/nchs\/nhanes\/continuousnhanes\/overviewbrief.aspx?Cycle=2021-2023"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_20_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1161\/CIR.0b013e318233bc6a"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_21_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1542\/peds.2017-1603"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_22_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fendo.2025.1512642"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_23_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1161\/CIRCULATIONAHA.108.191394"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_24_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/ejcn.2009.101"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_25_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1210\/jc.2016-2279"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_26_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/15579883231205845"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_27_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/ajcn\/nqac129"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_28_1","unstructured":"27.National Center for Health Statistics. 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