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High-altitude environment and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease: epidemiology, pathological mechanisms and clinical management.\n                      <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">High Alt Med Biol.<\/jats:italic>\n                      27:189\u2013202, 2026\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Background:<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) is a significant global health concern. Environmental factors such as low oxygen and temperature, along with poor living habits in high-altitude areas, contribute to regional variations in the occurrence and progression of COPD. There is currently a lack of systematic reviews on the relationship between high-altitude environments and COPD, which hinders effective prevention and treatment.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Methods:<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>This narrative review comprehensively sorts out and analyzes the research on COPD in high-altitude areas from three aspects: epidemiological characteristics, pathophysiological mechanisms, and clinical management.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results:<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Epidemiologically, COPD mortality increases with altitude; however, prevalence rates remain debated. Pathophysiologically, factors include hypoxia-inducible factor regulation, hemodynamic changes, air pollution particles promoting inflammation and oxidative stress, as well as gene mutations like PPARA and SERPINA1. Clinically managing COPD in high-altitude regions requires individualized approaches that consider environmental conditions.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusion:<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>High-altitude environments exacerbate COPD through hypoxic stress, pollutant exposure, and genetic variations. Future efforts should focus on developing a risk prediction model for COPD that incorporates altitude parameters to enhance targeted prevention and treatment strategies in these areas.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1177\/15578682261428873","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,11]],"date-time":"2026-03-11T14:29:10Z","timestamp":1773239350000},"page":"189-202","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/sage-journals-update-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["High-Altitude Environment and Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease: Epidemiology, Pathological Mechanisms, and Clinical Management"],"prefix":"10.1177","volume":"27","author":[{"given":"Shuna","family":"Wei","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"The First Clinical Medical College, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, Gansu, China."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Xiaoju","family":"Liu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Gerontal Respiratory Medicine, The First Hospital of Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, Gansu, China."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"179","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,10]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_3_2_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2147\/COPD.S113868"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_3_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.7189\/jogh.05.020415"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_4_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S2213-2600(21)00511-7"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_5_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biopha.2023.115054"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_6_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.pulmoe.2021.12.006"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_7_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s12889-024-17686-9"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_8_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s40572-017-0134-3"},{"issue":"2","key":"e_1_3_2_9_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"S493","DOI":"10.33549\/physiolres.935431","article-title":"Hypoxic Pulmonary Vasoconstriction: An Important Component of the Homeostatic Oxygen Sensing System","volume":"73","author":"Archer SL","year":"2024","unstructured":"Archer SL, , Snary KJD, , Bentley RE, et al. 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